414 FALCONID^. 



2. Hierofalco islandus. 



Le Gerfaut d'Islande, Briss. Oni. i. p. 733, pi. xxxi. (1760). 

 Gerfaut d'Islande, JBuf. PL EiiL i. pi. 210 (1770). 

 Spotted Iceland Falcon, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. pt. 1, p. 71 (1781). 

 Falco islandus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 271 (1788, e.r Briinn.) ; Newt, ed Yarr. 



Brit. B. i. p. 40 (1871) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. part xxii. (1872). 

 Falco islandicus, Hancoch, Ann. N. H. ii. p. 247 (1839) ; Bp. Rev. 



Zool 1850, p. 484, et Consp. i. p. 24 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. 



p. 77 (1855); Pek. Verh. z.-h. Wicn, xiii. p. 598(1863); Neivt. 



both. Wolleij. p. 86 (1864); Grajf, Hand-I. B. i. p. 18 (1869); 



Hurting, Handb. Br. B. p. 86 (1872) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 34 



(1873): 

 Falco gyrfalco. Keys. u. Bias. Wirh. Eur. p. 135 (1840). 

 Falco caudicans islandicus, Schl. Ahhandl. Geb. Zool. ^-c. p. 14(1841); 



id. Rev. Crit. p. 1 (1844). 

 Hierofalco islandicus, Gi-ay, List Gen. of B. p. 4 (1841) ; Bp. Rev. 



et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 7 ; Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1855, p. 279 ; 



Degl. I- Gerbe, Orn. Europ. i. p. 74 (1867). 

 Le Tiercelet hagard du Faucon d'Islande, Schl. 8f Verst. Traite Fauc. 



pi. 6 (1853). 

 Iceland Falcon, Salvin &,■ Brodr. Falconry, pis. x., xi. (1855). 

 Falco sacer, Cas.%. B. Calif, p. 89 (1856) ; Breiuer, N. Am. Ool. pt. 1, 



p. 11. 

 Falco gyrfalco islandicus, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Fale. p. 14 (1862). 



Adidt male. Entire head white, with blackish shaft-streaks, very 

 narrow on the forehead and broader on the nape, under the eye and 

 over the ear-coverts a slight greyish shade ; upper surface of body 

 greyish brown, clearer on the rump, all the feathers tipped and 

 barred across with white, these bars sometimes not continuous; quills 

 dark brown, with narrow white tips, the feathers barred on the 

 inner but notched and freckled on the outer web with white ; tail 

 ashy, with white tip, alternately barred with blackish, the interme- 

 diate spaces ashy white, sometimes freckled with blackish ; under 

 surface white, the throat almost unspotted, the chest covered with 

 central streaks developing into tear-drop spots at the end ; rest of 

 under surface spotted with blackish, taking the form of bars on the 

 sides of the body, under tail-coverts, and flanks, being rather nume- 

 rous and close-set on the latter ; under wing-coverts white, spotted 

 or half-barred with blackish ; biU pale horn-blue, yeUow at base of 

 lower mandible ; cere, orbits, and feet yellow ; iris dark brown. 

 Total length 22 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 14-6, tail 9, tarsus 2-3. 



Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 24 

 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 16, tail 9, tarsus 2-4. 



Young. Erown, with whitish margins to the feathers of the upper 

 surface ; the upper tail-coverts conspicuously marked with oval spots 

 of white ; tail brown, broadly banded across with whitish ; head 

 whitish, the feathers mesiaUy streaked with dark brown, the hind 

 neck more conspicuously mottled ; under surface white, the throat 

 unspotted ; all the rest of the feathers conspicuously brown in the 

 centre, these markings rather oval in form, excepting on the flanks. 



