238 LANIIDJE. 



Viig. Fur. Taf. 59 & 60; Naumann, Nat. Vog. Deutsch. ii. p. 7, pi. 49 

 , (1822); Gould, B. Eur. pi. 60; Bp. C. A. i. p. 36.3; id. Jiev. et 



Ma//, de Zool. 1853, p. 292 ; Cub. Miis. Ilein. i. p. 73 ; Rilpp. Neue 



Wirhdth. p. 33; id. Sijst. Uebers. no. 219; Heugl. Si/st. Uebers. 



no. 312 ; Von d. Mii/de, Gricclienl. no. 171 ; Linderm. Voy. 



Griechinl. p. 112 ; IlaUicrbe, Faun. Sicil. p. 48 ; Savi, Orn. Toscan. 



i. p. 94; Vara, Orn. Sardcf/na, s]i. 47 ; Salvad. J. f. 0. 18(5.5, p. 132; 



TnWram, Ihis. 1867, p. 3(i4 ; Ber/l. i^- Gerbe, Oni. Europ. i. p. 221 



(1867); 7r«V//i)',i6w,1864,p. 59; Hem/l. Orn. X.O.-Afr.\.-^. -ilS; 



Cab. J. f. O. 1873, p. 75 ; Sharpe S^- Dresser, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 390 ; 



Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 145, p. 375 (187.3) ; Schaloic, J.f. O. 1876, 



p. 132; Seebohn, Bns, 1878, p. 333; Shelley, B. Eyypt, p. 114 



(1872) ; V. Droste, Voyelw. Borkum, p. 89 ; Doderlein, Avifann. 



Sicil. pp. 67, 327 ; Bogdanotv, Russian Shrikes Sf-c. p. 130. 

 Lanius rapax, Brehm, J. f. 0. 1854, p. 147 ; id. Naumannia, 1855 



p. 276. 

 Collyi-io excubitor, Gray, Sand4. B. i. p. 390, no. 5927. 



Adult male. General colour above light bliiisb grey, passijig into 

 pale whitish grey on the rump and iipper tail-coverts ; forehead 

 and a line extending over the eye white ; ear-coverts and a spot in 

 front of the eye black ; greater part of scapulars pure white, rest 

 silvery grey ; quills black, the secondaries tipjaed with white (this 

 colour, extending over part of the outer web of both the secondaries 

 and primaries, produces two conspicuous white alar bars on the 

 "wing when the latter is folded up) ; primaries externally uarrowlj^ 

 edged with white ; wing-coverts black, except the lesser ones, which 

 are entirely grey ; basal part of tail-feathers and greater part of 

 the outer pair white — this colour decreasing in extent towards the 

 central pair, which is merely tipped with white ; underparts of body 

 pure white except the flanks, which are slightly tinged with silverj' 

 gi'ej' ; under wing-coverts white, with a small grey patch near the 

 edge of the wing ; maxilla horny black, mandible paler ; feet black. 



Female. Verj' similar to the male, but showing faint greyish 

 vermiculations on the neck and breast. 



Immature birds are like the female, but have the black wing- 

 coverts bordered with brownish grey, and the underparts of the body 

 duU white ; upper tail-coverts grey. 



Young birds in their first plumage are grey above, slightly tinged 

 with tawny brown, secondaries with large white tips; underparts 

 dull white, with faint dark vermiculations extending over the whole 

 belly ; bill and feet pale horn-brown. 



Total length about 9 inches. 



Culmen. Wiug. Tail. Tarsus. 



in. in. in. in. 



Immat. (^ (Russia) 0-76 45 4-7 10 



Ad. d (Archangel) . . 080 4-50 4-60 1-12 



Ad. $ (Asia Minor). . . 075 4-50 4'65 1-15 



Obs. The amount of black on the outer pair of the tail-feathers 

 varies to a considerable extent. In some specimens the whole 

 feather is pure white, only a small part of the shaft being brown ; 



