3. TICHODROMA. 331 



the outer web ; tail-feathers black, marked with three interrupted 

 bands of white, and with a white ajjical spot ; " bill dusky brown : 

 tarsi and feet ashy brown " {T. Ai/res). Total length 5 inches, bill 

 0-55, wing 2-85, tail 1-G5, tarsus 6-G. {Bocacje, I. c.) 



Hah. lieiiguela, in South-western Africa, extending across to the 

 Mashoona country in South-eastern Africa. 



3. TICHODROMA. 



Type 



Tichodroma, lUif/er, Prodrom. Syst. p. 210 (1811) T. nuiraria. 



Petrodroma, Vieill. Analyse, p. 45 (1816, part.) T. muraria. 



Bill much longer than rest of head, very slender, and very little 

 curved. Nostrils quite exposed, longitudinal, with a very distinct 

 and large operculum ; neither nasal nor rictal bristles. First primary 

 Avcll developed ; wings long, tip being formed by 4th, 5th, ((ith) pri- 

 maries, falling little sliort of the tail ; secondaries four fifths of whole 

 wing in length. Tail square or slightly rounded, soft, short. Tarsus 

 slender, anteriorly covered with one long scutum ; hallux (without 

 claw) shorter than middle toe and shorter than even the fourth toe ; 

 nail of hallux very long. Principal coloui's grey and red. Sexes' 

 differ slightly in plumage. 



Kamje. The alpine districts of Europe and Asia. 



1 . Tichodroma muraria. 



Certhia muralis, Brisson, iii. p. G07, pi. 30 (17C0). 



Certhia muraiia, Linn. Syst. Ned. i. p. 184 (1760) ; Bec/ist. Taschenb. 



p. 78; Meyer ^- Wolff, Taschenb. p. 131. 

 Le Grimpereau de muraille, IJuff. PL Enl. 372. figs. 1 & 2 (1770). 



fig. 2; Horn; Orn. Prov. pi. 238; Gould, B. Mir. iii. pi. 239; v. 

 d.Mnehle, Griechenl. no. 110; liiipp. Syst. Uebers. no. 114; Gray, 

 Gen. B. i. p. 144 ; Bhjih, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 189 ; Bp. Consp. 

 i. p. 225 ; Bcichvnh. Si/sf. Av. Taf. 38 ; id. Handb. spec. Orn., Scans, 

 p_. 269; Bailty, Orn. de Sav., Atlas, iii. pi. 1. tigs. 1-5 ; Brce, B. Eur. 

 iii. pi. 158; Begl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 190; Jerd. B. Ind. i. 

 p. 383; Gray, Z^««fW. 5. i. p. 184, no. 2520 ; Fritsch, Vdg.Eur.Ttl 

 22. fig. 21 ; Dresser, B. Eur. p. 207, pi. 123 ; Shelley, B. Egypt, 

 p. 113; Stcinh. P.Z.S. 1871, pp. 270, 356; Altum, Forsizoohgie, 

 p. 278; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 236; Perini, Ornitol. Veronese, 

 p. 418 (1874) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 176; David ^- Oust. Ois. de 

 la Chine, p. 88; Scully, Str. F. 1879, p. 262. 



Tichodroma alpiua, Eoch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 80 (1816). 



Petrodroma muraria, Vieill. Nvuv. Did. xxvi. p. 106 (1818). 



Tichodroma plicenicdptera, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 412 (1820), iii. 

 p. 260, et iv. p. 647; Beichenb. Handb. spec. Orn., Scatis. p. 270; 

 Scrertzou^, Turk. Jevutn. p. 66. 



Ticliodroma europaja, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 187 (1826). 



Tichodroma brachyrhyuchus et T. macrorhvncbus. Brehm, Voa. 

 Deutschl. p. 214. ■ ■ ' 



Tichodroma subhemalavann, IFodf/.i. in Grati's Zool. Misc. p. 82 

 (1844). • ■ -^ ^ 



