01 



THE JOUHXAJ, OF BOTANY 



which is said to be of creeping habit and with large foliage. A good 

 woodcut is given, representing a plant with oblanceolate, acute leaves, 

 and a close panicle of many heads. The exact characters of this 

 plant are uncertain, but it is identified by C. Bauhin with his wild 

 plant from Eastern Switzerland. 



The sixth and final citation, from Morison's Ristoria (1699) is 

 shown both by the description and the figure to refer to our broad- 

 leaved garden-plant, and is identified by the author with the culti- 

 vated plants of .John and Caspar Bauhin alrea.lv mentioned. The 

 plant is apparently called "syriaca" in error, the' name being taken 

 from Pilosella syriaca C. B. Pin. (quoted among the synonyms), 

 which was founded on P. maxima syriaca of Lobel and' Tah'enue- 

 montanus, a Syrian plant with square stem and opposite cauline 

 leaves that is not a hawkweed. 



It will be seen from Linnseus's citations that the hawkweed 

 which he named II. aurantiacum was primarily a broad-leaved 

 garden-plant known to many of the older botanists, whose descrip- 

 tions are mostly free from ambiguity, and that a montane Swiss 

 plant, with less defined characters but reputed to be its wild form, 

 was included with it. Linnaeus apparently knew nothing of its 

 native country, the habitats Syria and Switzerland being evidently 

 copied from Morison and C. Bauhin. It is not mentioned in the Flora 

 Suecica, for Lhmagus was not aware of its occurrence in Scandinavia. 



A synonym of this species earlier than any of those cited by 

 Linnseus is the Rieracium IX. of Clusius's Hist. Ear. Plant, i. 

 lib. 5, p. cxlii (1601). Clusius mentions the stolon if erous habit, 

 and comparing the umbelliform flowers with those of the common 

 hawkweed, he writes " sed colore longe elegantiores, nempe impense 

 flavos et quasi aureos." The plant is stated to have been raised in 

 Holland from seed obtained from Vienna. 



The identity of the broad-leaved garden-form described by 

 Linnseus and earlier authors with the form grown in Scotland mav be 

 seen by a reference to Parkinson, Gerard, and Pay. 



Parkinson (Paradisus, p. 300 (1629)) furnishes a good descrip- 

 tion of it as a British garden-plant under the name of Pilosella 

 major, one of the synonyms in C. Bauhin's Pinax. The description 

 contains an allusion to its broad leaves, which are well shown on the 

 accompanying plate, and an English name "Golden Mouse-Eare " is 

 introduced. 



The plant is not mentioned by Gerard himself, hut in the second 

 edition of the Rerhall, lib. 2, p. 305 (1633), T. Johnson accurately 

 diagnoses it as Rieracium hortense latifolium, and furnishes a 

 specially good figure which unmistakably' represents our Scottish 

 broad-leaved form. Johnson also identifies it with the cultivated 

 plants of 0. Bauhin and F. Columna cited by Linnseus, and with' the 

 plate in Rortus Eystettensis. He mentions' that it is a rare garden- 

 plant, and quaintly brings in a second English name, saying: "The 

 stalkes and cups of the Houres are all set thieke with a blackish 

 downe or hairinesse as it were the dust of coles ; whence the women 

 who keep it in gardens for noveltie sake, have named it Grim the 

 Golliar." This is an allusion to a humorous comedy, popular in 



