Shaw, Gen. Zool. pi. 46. Vieill. N. D. pi. B. 30. Aud. Biog. pi. 

 clix. Aud. B. Am. pi. 203. Buss. Stubenv. taf. xiii. 



English. Virginian or Virginia Nightingale. Cardinal. Red Gros- 

 beak. Crested Cardinal. Red-crested Grosbeak. Red Bird. 

 Cardinal-bird. Cardinal Grosbeak. Cardinal Redbird. Crested 

 Grosbeak. Virginia Grosbeak. Scarlet Grosbeak. 



French. Le Cardinal. Le Gros-bec de Virginie. Le Cardinal 

 Huppe. Le Cardinal rouge. 



German. Cardinal. Kardinal. DerRothvogel. Virginische Nachtigal. 

 Kardinalsvogel Der Cardinal Kernbeisser. Der rothe Kardinal. 



o^ 



Habitat. North America. From North Dakota and borders of 

 Canada, South to Nicaragua in Central America, ranging from 

 Newfoundland in the East to Colorado, New Mexico and Sonoro 

 on the West Coast, including the Bermudas and Cozumel. 



Male Adult. Crown, crest, cheeks and underparts vermilion red ; above brick red, with 

 pale greyish margins to the feathers ; outer webs of primaries and tail-feathers bright 

 brick red, inner webs darker, tips of same pale brown ; quills dark brown ; underside of 

 wing for more than half its length, and-coverts pale vermilion red, tips pale brown ; a 

 narrow frontal band, chin and throat black ; basal portion of all the body feathers 

 dark slaty-grey : iris reddish brown ; bill red ; feet dark greyish brown : length 7-8, 

 wing 3-4, tail 37, tars. 095, culm. 0'75. 



Female. Above pale olive brown, paler on the forehead : crest, outer webs of primaries, 

 great wing-coverts, centre portion of secondaries, tail-feathers and thighs brick-red ; 

 8«eondarieB and tail-feathers broadly edged with pale olive brown; underside of wing 

 and-coverts rosy red ; tips of primaries and tail very pale brown, quills dark brown ; 

 cheeks, breast and sides pale huffish brown, paling towards the abdomen and under tail- 

 coverts ; a narrow frontal band, chin and throat slaty-grey : iris reddish brown ; bill 

 red ; feet pale brown : length 8'3, wing 3-6, tail 4'3, tars. 0-95, culm. 0-67. 



Young. Similar to female, but paler ; the tinges of brick-red on breast, wings and tail less 

 defined. 



Observations. From a series of twenty-six examples of both sexes, and different phases, 

 from many localities, now before me, it is easy to recognise the gradation of forms, which 

 have been described under the following names : — Cardinalis virginianus, C. var. coccineus, 

 C. carneus, C. lessoni, C. var. saturatus, C. var. ijneus aud C. var. superbus. 



