198 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 



Fifth. — The distinction between marginal and focal cannot be 

 actually drawn either in theory or practice. It is, therefore, 

 too small a one upon which to distinguish rational from irra- 

 tional conduct. Or if a distinction be drawn upon this basis 

 the difference cannot be great. 



It will be seen that I have thus far argued the question pro- 

 pounded at the beginning of this paper entirely from the theo- 

 retical or speculative side, leaving no time for the presentation 

 of examples that in my opinion indicate that the lower animals 

 reason. Such instances are so numerous, that no one at all 

 conversant with the matter can doubt that the animals at least 

 appear to reason. As a matter of fact that is all that we can 

 assert in the premises. Moreover, a moment's reflection will 

 suffice to show that this is all that any one of us can positively 

 assert of any other human being. That he appears to reason. 

 It is just as impossible for one person to enter into the con- 

 sciousness of another human being as it is for him to enter into 

 the consciousness of one of the brutes. 



