16 Transactions of the Kansas 



horse, well drawn, on a rounded and polished fraejmeut of rib. The species of 

 animals represented were more numerous than in the lower bed. Above this bed 

 was a layer of stalagmite ranging from one foot to a few inches in thickness. The 

 human occupation of these cav. s consisted of three distinct periods : first, the rough 

 quartzite period ; then the quartzite and flint; then the flint and bone — the period of 

 the artistic drawing and the elaborately worked implemen's. These three stages indi- 

 cate a distinct progress in art amtng the cuve-dwellers. * * * The mixed fauna 

 universally found in British caves, can be explained better on the principle of sea- 

 sonal migrations, than glacial aeons." * * He concludes also, " that paleolithic 

 man belongs to the northern group of animals, being associated most frequently 

 with the reindeer and the northern fauna — that of the late pleistocene. And also 

 that some of the northern caves may have been older than post-glacial, which 

 shielded the paleolithic hunter." He then concludes, " that according to the evidence 

 of the associated miimmalia, man was probably in Europe while the ice covered 

 large tracts in England, North Germany and Scandinavia, or in pre-glacial and 

 inter-glacial times, and he was an inhabitant of the Denbigshire caves after the ice 

 of the second ice period had passed away from that region." 



Prof. T. M. Hughes spoke of the "Evidences alforded by the Gravels and 

 Brick-earth of the East Anglican district, in which remains of man before the close 

 of the glacial period have recently been found. These deposits are post-tertuiry 

 boulder clays and gravels, and he concludes that man appeared upon the scene 

 early in the post-glacial pi riod." Mr. R. H. Tiddeman spoke of the "Age of the 

 Hyena-beJ, Victoria Cave, Settle, and its relation to the question of the antiquity of 

 man " — in regard to the very remarkable human fibula found therein, concerning 

 which there was so mucii discussion. Animal bones cut with human implements were 

 also found in this bod. In summing up he says: " Even supposing that we had never 

 found traces of man in Victoria Cave in the oMer pre-glacial beds, his great an- 

 tiquity would be there fairlv proved. A set of animals known to exist with man 

 elsewhere, is there shown to have lived before an age of great land glaciation. 

 That ancient fauna lived in the south of England and the eastern counties upon a 

 land surface covered with the vestiges of a si ill older and more extensive glacia- 

 tion, the traces of which have been swept away in the north by that later glaciation. 

 This glacial period, which I consider to have been later than man's introduction 

 into Europe, appears to be the same which spread over the whole of Scotlaiul and 

 perhaps of Ireland, with a sheet or sheets of land ice." In the discussions which 

 followed, Prof. Prestwich said: "Evidence on this subject is afforded by tiic 

 boulder clay which reaches as far north as London. That represents the glacial 

 period." The post-glacial he considers "to be subsequent to the period of the 

 deposit of the boulder clay. * * It is in the drift and gravel of the valleys exca- 

 vated in this boulder clay that paleolithic implements have been so commonly 

 found; consequently, it is clear that in that area man is of post-glacial age. * * 

 In the south of England there is evidence that both areas of the land were inhab- 

 ited by animals likely to serve as the food of man, previous to the boulder-clay 

 period, and that man probably existed before that period in the north of England. 

 * * He believes, with Mr. Tiddeman, that the evidence of Victoria Cave rather 

 tends to show that it is pre-glacial. * * He considers that the data for carrying 

 man back to the boulder-clay period, is an account audited and passed, and he 

 has good reason to believe, from his own observations, that man was pre-glacial in 

 the north of France." 



Prof. Virchow, of Berlin, delivered an address before the German Association 

 of 1877, in which he says of this question: "At this moment Anthropology 



