KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 21 



found about the Pueblo villages. In one of these inclosures, just west of the 

 church, is a small excavation, about twelve feet in diameter, evidently the re- 

 mains of a water reservoir. Immediately in front of the entrance, and about 

 forty feet from it, is what seems to be an old well, which has been walled up 

 with stone, and has been more recently filled up with earth. 



About seventy-five feet still further on, we come to the traces of an old 

 wall terminating on the east in the ruins of several small rooms or inclosures, 

 also of stone. About eighty feet still further, and directly in front of the 

 entrance to the church, is an inclosure about eighteen feet square, with a 

 central stone-heap about three feet square. Still further in the same direc- 

 tion, we find a semi -circular declivity, which was probably originally the 

 work of man, which terminates on the right at the water inclosure described 

 on page 18. In speaking of walls, it is to be remembered that most of them 

 are ruins, and many of them mere traces, although readily discernible as one 

 walks over the ground. (7.) 



Leaving the church for the present, we will turn back to the ruined vil- 

 lages in search of relics. Broken pottery abounds on all hands, and it seemed 

 to me that I could detect specimens representing at least three distinct periods 

 of time: First, and oldest, that found in the adobes, of which the church is 

 built, which is coarse and rough ; second, that which is made of finer clay, 

 but without ornament ; and lastly, that which is painted ; and perhaps 

 fourthly, that which shows an effort at glazing. 



We found numerous flint arrow-heads, all of which were small, none being 

 over one and a half inches in length. Perhaps this is due to the fact that 

 the larger ones have been picked up by earlier explorers. We also found 

 several broken metatas, or grinding pestles; and in one of the large rocks 

 near the upper village, I found three bowl-shaped cavities, about ten inches 

 in diameter, and from three to four inches deep, which I conceived to be the 

 mortars in which the natives ground or beat their corn into meal. 



We also found numerous pieces of obsidian,- which appeared to have been 

 split ofi" in keen flakes for cutting purposes ; also fragments of smoking pipes, 

 with more or less ornamentation cut or scratched upon them. Besides these 

 things, we discovered smaller ornaments, in the way of shells pierced for sus- 

 pension, pieces of selenite roughly carved into ornamental shapes, and small 

 bits of red paint. Not a scrap of iron, or any kind of metallic weapon, tool 

 or implement could be discovered in either church or village — not even a 

 nail — though it is well known that the natives understood the art of smelt- 

 ing ores — at least those of silver and gold, and of working them most artis- 

 tically. If other proof of this knowledge were wanting, we could supply it 

 in the form of several pieces of slag picked up near the villages ; and the 

 people who reside near say that remains of old smelting works are still to be 

 found in the mountains. 



Parts of three days were given to this exploration, in company with Mrs. 

 Case, Major H. Inman, of Kansas, and Mr. A. H. Whitmore, of Las Vegas, 



