ACTINIAN BUNODEOPSIS GLOBULIFEKA. 315 



unnecessary to here enter into the subject in detail, except as concerns its bearing on the 

 present species. Suffice it to say that, while disposed to recognize the primary character 

 of the ectodermal columnar muscvilature in Actinia?, writers such as McMurrich, Iladdon, 

 and van Bcneden are not prepared to accord it the taxonomic importance which Carlgren 

 claims for it. Rather they would regard any species in which such a structure is 

 retained as among the lowest members of its own particular grovip. And this is the 

 view which seems most likely to result in a natural grouping of the Actiniaria, one which 

 will recognize both the primitive and the differentiated characteristics of a species. 



Undoubtedly characteristics such as the presence of the ectodermal columnar muscu- 

 lature, the absence of a basilar muscle, and of ciliated bands from tlic mesenterial 

 filaments, are in themselves of vastly greater phylogenetic value than such features as 

 columnar modifications, the origin of one or more tentacles from a mesenterial chamber, 

 the nature of the sphincter muscle, the number and characteristics of the mesenteries, &c. 

 But these latter are the dilfei'entiations which alone are available for classificatory 

 purposes within the Nynanthete, and to wholly separate the lowest forms possessing them 

 would seem to take away the possibility of a phylogenetic grouping. The possessors of 

 the ectodermal columnar musculature do not appear to represent a homogeneous 

 assemblage. 



Bunodeopsis is a good example of a genus in wliich, while certain primitive charac- 

 teristics are retained, imjiortant structux-al modifications have taken jilace in other 

 respects. To arrange it with others, on account of the former alone, would be to neglect 

 those differentiations upon which the classification of the Actiuise is mainly founded. 



Memoirs and Papers cited in the Text. 



1881. Andres, A. — " Iiitoruo alia Scissiparita ilelle Attiuie." Mitt. a. d. Zool. Stat, zu Neapel, 



Bd. iii. Heft 1. 

 1900. Appellof, a.- — " Stiulien iiber Actiaien-Entwickluug." Bergens Museum Aarbog, 1900, no. 1. 

 1893. Carlhren, O. — " Studien iiber uordische Actinien. I." Kougl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. 



Bd. x.w., no. 10. 



1898. Id. — " Zoaiithaiien dor Hamburger !Magalhaensischen Sammelreise." Hamburg. 



1899. Id. — " Ueber absclmiirbare Tentakel bei den Actiniarien." Zool. Anzeiger, Bd. x.\ii, 



1900. Id. — " Ostafrikanisclie Actinien. Gesammelt von Herrn Dr. F. Stuhlmann 1888 uud 1889." 



Mitt. a. d. Nat. Mus. Hamburg, Bd. xvii. 

 1889. DixoN, G. Y. & A. F. — " Notes on Bunodes thuUiu, Bunodes verrucosa, and Teal'ia crassicornis.^' 



Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., N.S. vol. vi. 

 1860. DucHASsAiNG, P., et Michelotti, J. — " Memoire sur les Coralliaires des Antilles." Mem. Reale 



Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, tom. xix. 



1897. DuERDEN, J. E. — "Tbe Actiniarian Family Aliciidae." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xx. 



1898. Id. — " Actiniaria around Jamaica." Journ. lustit. Jamaica, vol. ii., no. 5. 



1899. Id. — " The Edwardsia-stage oi' Lebrunia, and the Formation of the Gastro-coelomic Cavity." 



Jourc. Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. xxvii. 



1900. Id. — " Jamaican Actiniaria." Part II. Stichodactyliuie and Zoantheae." Trans,. R, Dublin Soc. 



vol. vii., ser. 2. 



