3. ANTHUS, 545 



Hind claiv short, much curved, much shorter than hind toe itself. 

 Tarsus longer than hind toe combined with claw. Primaries equal, 



1, 2, 3 ; fourth about equal to longest secondaries ; fifth quite 

 short, much less than longest secondaries. Primaries emaryinatc, 



2, 3, 4. Fed not reaching beyond half the tail (in skin). 



Adult male in hreedimj-pluimuje. General colour above sandy 

 brown, streaked with black, a little more narrowly on the head, all 

 the feathers mesially centred with black streaks ; the mantle rather 

 lighter sandy bnff than the rest of the upper surface ; rump rather 

 more uniform than the back ; upper tail-coverts sandy brown, edged 

 with ashy fulvous and naiTowly centred with blackish ; least wing- 

 coverts like the back ; median series blackish, tipped with white, 

 forming a wing-bar ; greater series dark brown, edged externally 

 with whity brown, more ashy towards the base ; bastard-wing 

 blackish brown, narrowly edged with white ; primary-coverts and 

 (]uills dusky browu, narrowly edged with whity brown, the first 

 primary margined with whitish, the inner secondaries browner 

 on the outer web and more broadly edged with dull whitish ; tail- 

 feathers brown, the two centre ones margined with whity browu, 

 the outermost dull white, with a dark-brown shaft and a broad 

 oblique mark of dark brown on the inner web, the outer web pale 

 brown towards the end ; penultimate tail-feather with a small 

 wedge-shaped spot of white at the tip of the inner web ; lores and 

 a tolerably defined eyebrow sandy bufi', as well as the eyelid and 

 ear-coverts, the latter more dusky along the upper and hinder 

 margins ; cheeks sandy buff, with an indistinct superior line of black, 

 and separated from the throat by a blackish malar line ; throat, 

 breast, and sides of body sandy bufi', the chin whitish ; the lower 

 throat and fore neck broadly streaked with black, a little more 

 narrowly on the breast, sides of body, and flanks ; centre of breast 

 and abdomen bufty white, clearer sandy buff on the under tail- 

 coverts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts sandy buff, those nearer 

 the edge of the wing mottled with dusky bases; lower primary- 

 coverts and quills ashy brown, lighter on the inner webs : bill 

 dark brown, the lower mandible fleshy ; legs pale browu ; iris dark 

 browu. Total length o"8 inches, culmen 0"55, wing 3-45, tail 2'55, 

 tarsus 0'9. 



Adult fenude in hreedimi-plumage. Coloured like the male, but 

 having the blackish streaks on the breast and sides of the body 

 narrower. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*45, tail 2"5, 

 tarsus U*85. 



Winter plumage. Only differs from the summer dress in being 

 rather richer in colour and in having the margins to the A^'ing-coverts 

 and quills rather broader ; underneath, the sandy-buff coloiir is 

 much brighter and inclines to tawnj- bufi'. 



A Bogos specimen obtained by Mr. Esler is in full moult and 

 changing on the throat and breast to rich tawny buff. By the time 

 the Tree-Pipit reaches England, however, this richer coloration 

 seems to have disappeared, and as the summer progresses the plu- 

 mage becomes duller and duller, forming a very strong contrast to 

 the bright dress which the bird assumes in autumn. 



VOL. X. 2s 



