3. ANTHtrs. 597 



Anthus spinoletta (tiec L.), Bp. Joitrn. Philad. Acad. ii. p. 90 (1826). 

 Antlms aquaticus, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 10 ; Swains. ^- Richards. 



Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 231, pi. 44 (1831). 

 Anthus pipiens, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 80 ; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 408 



(1832), V. p. 449 (1839) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. 



p. 28 (1838). 

 Anthus reinhardti, Holholl, Fmm. Groenl. p. 25 (1854). 

 Anthus hj'pogfeus, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 65 (1854). 

 Anthus spinoletta, var. ludovicianua, Seehohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. 



p. 248 (1883). 



Adult male. General colour above pale ashy grey, a little browner 

 towards the rump and upper tail-coverts and clearer on the head ; 

 lesser wing-coverts ashy brown ; median and greater coverts dark 

 brown, edged -with ashy brown and tipped with white, less distinct 

 on the greater series ; bastard-wing dark brown, with narrow ashy- 

 ■white margins ; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with 

 ashy brown, the primaries narrowly edged with whitish, the inner 

 secondaries with broad white edgings, the innermost externally 

 ash}- ; tail-feathers dark brown edged vnih. ashy, the outer feathers 

 pure white, including the shaft, excepting an oblique mark of dark 

 brown on the inner web ; the penultimate feather like the outer 

 one, but with a much larger mark of dark brown on the inner web ; 

 lores, eyebrow, feathers round the eye, and sides of face clear pale 

 vinous ; ear-coverts ashy grey like the head ; cheeks and entire 

 under surface of body pale vinous, the under tail-coverts paler and 

 more isabelline ; lower abdomen dull whitish ; sides of upper breast 

 washed with ashy grey ; a few dusky streaks on the flanks ; axil- 

 laries and under wing-coverts dull ashy whitish, with smoky-brown 

 bases ; quills dusky below, pale ashy vinous along the inner webs : 

 "bill dark brown, the under mandible orange at the base; feet 

 brownish black ; iris hazel " {Audubon). Total length 6-2 inches, 

 culmen 0*5, wing 3'55, tail 2'7, tarsus 0-85. 



Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the throat and chest 

 spotted with blackish brown. Total length 6'2 inches, culmen 0-55, 

 wing 3"3, taU 1-5, tarsus 0-9. 



Young in autumn plumage. Dark olive-brown above instead of 

 ashy grey, the feathers of the back and crown slightly mottled with 

 dusky centres ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and 

 greater coverts blackish brown, edged with sandj' rufous, paler on 

 the median series ; bustard-wing, primarj'-coverts, and quills dark 

 brown edged with sandy buff, somewhat whiter on the tips of the 

 median coverts and the inner secondaries ; tail as in the adult, but 

 the white on the penultimate feather much reduced and forming a 

 large wedge-shaped spot for about one third of its length ; under 

 surface of body rich isabelline buif ; the sides of the lower throat, the 

 fore neck, and breast spotted with triangular marks of black, becoming 

 smaller on the latter ; sides of body and flanks more tawny, with 

 longitudinal streaks of blackish brown ; axillaries and under wing- 

 coverts buffy white, mottled \vith black bases near the edge of the 

 wing. 



The adult bird in full grey-and-vinous plumage is seldom seen in 



