518 ALAUDlDiE. 



Eange. Desert districts of Southern Spain and the countries to the 

 south of the Mediterranean basin, extending through North-eastern 

 Africa to Arabia and thence to North-west India ; Southern Africa. 



Key to the Sjiecies. 



a. Size larger ; bill longer ; outer secondaries 



broadly tipped with white. 



a . Upper surl'ace sandy buff, the inner secon- 

 daries sandy buff, like the back alaudipes, p. 518. 



b'. Upper surface ashy buff, greyer on the head, 

 the inner secondaries ashy, with sandy 

 buff edges desertorum, p. 519. 



b. Size smaller; bill shorter; no white tips to the 



secondaries. 

 c'. Lai'ger; culmen 0"75-0"95 inches; wing 



ci'7-4'4 inches : spots on breast small and 



thinly dispersed ; under wing-coverts isa- 



belline, as well as the inner web of the 



quills below semitorquata , p. 521. 



d'. Smaller ; culmen 0-65-0"7o inches ; wing 



3"25-3'6 inches : spots larger and more 



pronounced nivosa, p. 522. 



1. Alaemon alaudipes. 



Upupa alaudipes, Desf. iVem. Acad. 1787, p. 504. 



Alauda bifasciata, Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 27 (1823) ; Temm. PL Col. 



iii. pi. 893 (1826) ; Cretzschm. in Eiipp. Atlas, p. 8, Taf. 5 (1826) ; 



Temm. Man. iii. p. 199 (1835) ; Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 3; 



Malh. Faun. Orn. Sicil. p. 107 (1843) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. Iviii 



(1844). 

 Certhilauda bifasciata, Sicains. Classif. B. ii. p. 293 (1837). 

 Certhilauda desertorum {iiec Stanley), Riipp. Neue Wirh., Vog. p. 104 



(1835-40) ; Grau, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844) ; Ri'ipp. Si/.st. Uebers. 



p. 78 (1845) ; Heuql. St/st. Uebers. p. 43 (1866) ; id. Ibis, 1859, 



p. 343; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 427; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 24; 



Tristr. Ibis, 1866, p. 289 ; Derjl. f Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 355 



(1867) ; Loche, Kvpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 43 (1867) ; Heugl. Orn. 



N.O.-Afr. i. p. 692 (1870, pt.); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 121, 



no. 7794 (1870); Tacz. J. f. O. 1870,' p. 44; Fritsch, Vog. Fur. 



tab. 16. fig. 12 (1870); W'yatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 15; Gurney, Ibis, 



1871, p. 291; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 135; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. 



p. 275, pi. 226 (1874,"pt.). 

 Certhilauda bifasciata, Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 108 (1837). 

 Alsemon alaudipes, Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 159 (1886). 



Adult male. General colour above uniform sandy buff, the head 

 like the back, but the hind neck slightly more ashy, a shade of this 

 colour also extending over the mantle ; upper tail-coverts whitish 

 or pale sandy buff, with dusky brown centres ; lesser wing-coverts 

 like the back ; median coverts ashy browu, edged with whitish and 

 having blackish shaft-stripes ; greater coverts dusky brown, broadly 

 tipped with wliite ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, 

 fringed with white ; quills dusky brown, the primaries white at the 



