LIMNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDOIf. 47 



by a minute investigation of Italian plants laid tlie foundation 

 of his intimate knowledge of the plants of the peninsula. 



In 1858 he was nominated assistant to Parlatore, who, amongst 

 other labours, was busy on his ' Flora Italiana,' which was 

 destined to be continued by Caruel, to a somewhat disappointing 

 and hurried close. 



His first work which claims our notice is his account of the 

 herbarium of Cesalpini, the founder of a scientific method of 

 classification of plants ; he dedicated it to the memory of his 

 own father, and entitled it ' Illustratio in hortum siccum xlndrete 

 CsBsalpini,' 1858. Following this, at an interval of two years, 

 we find him producing his ' Prodromo della flora Toseana,' an 

 excellent little manual, alike testifying to his wide knowledge of 

 the local flora and his sound judgment of popular needs ; two 

 supplements came out in 1865 and 1870. 



After a stay of four years with Parlatore, Caruel was appointed 

 by Eoyal decree Professor Extraordinary at the University of 

 Padua, a chair which had been previou>.ly occupied by Gasparrini. 

 This post Caruel could not accept for certain reasons, but within 

 a month he was nominated to a similar post at Milan, where he 

 remained a year. From this plaee he was called to Florence, 

 where he remained, with one exception of nine yenrs, till his 

 death. In 1865 the direction of the ' Orto dei Semplici' passed 

 into his hands, and from that year to 1871 he aided the develop- 

 ment of Horticulture in Tuscany, During this period his 

 publications amounted to 27, the range embracing anatomy, 

 mycology, physiology, phytopathology, introductory works, &c. 



From 1871 to 1880 he was transferred to Pisa, succeeding his 

 friend Pittro Savi ; in 1880 he came to Florence again, suc- 

 ceeding Beccari, who preferred to work up his treasures brought 

 back from the Malay Peninsula to remaining professor in suc- 

 cession to Parlatore. 



Once more established in Florence, Caruel resolved to complete 

 Parlatore's unfinished ' Flora Italiana,' of which five volumes had 

 been published. With the help of Caldesi, Tanfaoi, Mori, and 

 Terraciano, Caruel continued the work, on a somewhat compressed 

 scale, as far as the ninth volume in 1893, alter twelve years' 

 labours. The removal by death of some of these helpers made 

 it impossible for the original scheme to be carried out as it was 

 intended. The remaining Orders were sketched out, not mono- 

 graphed — unhappily including tne Compositge, which themselves 

 constitute about one-tenth of the flora — in the thin tenth volume 

 issued in 189J^, with a geueiic index to the entire work iu lh96. 



In August of 1892 he first felt the approaches of the fatal 

 disorder which was to end his days. The Genoa Congress en- 

 listed his attention, and he much desired to take his part in the 

 discussion on nomenclature, but he was obliged to relinquish 

 the task as being beyond his strength. 



He was editor of the ' A^uova Giornale botanico Italiano ' from 

 1872 to 1892, and assisted to estabhsh the ' Keale ISocieta d'Orti- 

 coitura di Toseana.' 



