7 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 



parts of Europe, in the ' Acta ' of the Societas pro Fauna et Elora 

 Eennica, 109 pages in the second and third volumes, in 1847. The 

 same year, in the same medium, he brought out a memoir which is 

 still consulted, his ' Aduotationes in expositionem monographicam 

 Apum borealium,' and, in Swedish, an attempt to determine the 

 Linnean species of Formica found in Sweden. It was not till five 

 years afterwards that he published his first contribution in botany, 

 and that was ' Animadversiones circa distributionem plantarum in 

 Eennia,' at Helsiugfors, a tract of 21 pages, first printed in the 

 ••Acta,' vol. iii. The same year (1852) we find him prolific in his 

 issues, for he followed up this memoir by his ' Collectanea in 

 floram Karelicam ' and a ' Continuatio ' of it ; ' Conspectus fiorse 

 Helsingforsiensis ' and an appended ' Additamentum ' ; a supple- 

 ment to his 'Northern Bees'; also a 'Eevisio synoptica Apum 

 borealium, comparatis speciebus Europse mediae;' followed in 1853 

 by his first paper ou Lichens, " Observationes aliquot ad Synopsiu 

 Lichenum Holmieusium " in the ' ISTya Botaniska Notiser.'" 



In 1848 he made his first journey to France, which he revisited 

 •at intervals, even during his tenui'e of the chair of botany at 

 Helsingfors from 1857 to 1863. In the latter year he resigned 

 the post and settled in Paris, which became his fixed place of abode 

 until his death. 



"With the exception of a few papers on certain Fungi, the 

 remainder of his life Avas given up to the study of Lichens from a 

 taxonomic point of view. Thus he came to England in the autumn 

 of 1857 purposely to study the lichens in the herbarium of Sir 

 William Hooker. From 1858 to 1860 he was busied on publishing 

 his greatest work, 'Synopsis methodica lichenum omnium hucusque 

 cop-nitorum,' a volume of 430 pages ; and at the same time, in con- 

 junction with Th. Sselan, his ' Herbarium Musei Fennici,' in 1859. 

 Of his ' Synopsis ' only the first volume and the beginning of the 

 second appeared, but, though incomplete, it is of indispensable use 

 in the study of lichens. He had by this time formulated his 

 classificatory system, and tenaciously kept to it throughout his 

 life. His idea of ad^^ancing the knowledge of the set of plants he 

 studied, was to intercalate new species in their proper sequence ; 

 for he had but little liking for minute anatomical investigation. 

 Having microscopically examined certain forms, he desisted from 

 ■continued experiment, and rested content with his early researches. 

 As a consequence, it is stated that he not infrequently mixed 

 species having a superficial resemblance to each other, in various 

 herbaria. 



This method of working was, no doubt, partly induced by the 

 solitary nature of the man, and, inclined to become misanthropic, 

 he lived almost alone, and solitary he died. His last tu-enty-five 

 years were poisoned by the gradual reception of the dual-lichen 

 theory, from 1873, when Bornet published his ' Eecherches sur 

 les gonidies des Lichens,' based upon Schwendener's work on the 

 character of the lichen-thallus. The autonomy of lichens became 

 a fixed idea with him. He systematically rejected, without serious 



