32 PEOCEEDiyGS OT THE 



same year : the fourth and concluding Heft was also from 

 Cramer's pen. The same year saw his habilitation at Zurich ; and 

 the year following, 1S56, lie carried out a long tour in Italy as far 

 south as Palermo, where he collected material for his algological 

 studies. On his return home he was attaciied by inflammation 

 of the lungs, which was at first neglected, but by extreme care and 

 medical skill he was entirely set up again. 



JfiigeU was called in 1S56 to the chair of General Botany in the 

 newly established Polytechnic at Ziirich, and he accepted this with 

 the view of securing the reversion of it to Cramer. This actually 

 happened in 1S61, for after Zsiigeli was called to Munich in 1860, 

 Cramer was appointed his successor, with seniority of October 

 1860 : here he remained during the remainder of his life. This 

 yeaj" also witnessed his marriage with Frl. Aline Kesselriug; two 

 daughters and a son resulted from this union, but Cramer had 

 the sorrow to see them die before him ; his wife predeceased him 

 in 1885. 



The professorial activity of Cramer at the Federal Polytechnic 

 extended over 44 years, during which period he must have 

 initiated about 240C' pupils into botanic study. Pourteen of these 

 who had become fellow-professors, some already grey-headed, on 

 his 70th birthday in March 1901. again seated themselves on the 

 benches in his class-room, in celebration of the day. 



Cramers lectiu-es and work embraced wellnigh the whole extent 

 of botany — morphology, anatomy, physiology, cryptogamy with 

 bacteriology, the phenomena of polarized light, microscopical 

 teaching, taxonomy, and its application to forestry and agriculture. 

 The care he bestowed on preparation for his lectures was immense, 

 and large accumulations of notes and drawings, mostly unpublished, 

 evidence the anxious exactness of his daily work. He was a 

 remorseless critic of his own performances, and endeavoured to 

 jjive an accurate, condensed statement of the facts he had to 

 impart. "When busy on some problem which he had failed to 

 solve, he is described as being absent-minded, hesitating, and 

 melancholy, but the end in view attained, he became accessible, 

 livelv and chatty. He was able to work until close upon his 

 death. On 11th November. 1900, he had a microscopical demon- 

 stration in the forenoon ; in the same evening he had a warning 

 apoplectic stroke, and on the 24th ^Xovember he quietly passed 

 away without regaining consciousness. 



The rest of Cramer's career consisted of the duties of his chair, 

 and the publication of his memoirs ; the total number recorded by 

 his pupil Dr. Schrtiter, in his ample and appreciative account of 

 his old professor iu the ' Yerhandlungen der Schweizer natur- 

 forschenden Gesellschaft,' 1901, amounts to 59, extending from 

 1851 to 1896. Of these may be mentioned the following : — 

 in conjunction with Xageli the ' Pflanzenphysiologische Unter- 

 suchungen,' the last two parts by Cramer alone, and the fourth 

 having 13 plates lithographed by the author himself ; this was 

 devoted to the Cemmiacese, on which he published a later memoir 

 in the ' Denkschriften,* entitled '• Phvsiologisch-svstematische 



