52 PEOOEBDINGS OP THE 



Summary of the CJiief Zoological Work from April 1881 to 

 April 1882. 



A. Important Woeks of Compeehensive CnAEACXEE. 



1. Continuatiou of the * Challenger ' Eej^orts (Moseley's Corals 

 &c.). 



2. Coutinuation of the Eeports of the Norwegian North- 

 Atlantic Expedition (of 1876-78). 



3. Balfour's ' Embryology,' vol. ii. 



"Whilst alluding to these, the preliminary Eeport of the Italian 

 Expedition may be mentioned. This expedition has carried on 

 explorations in depths of 2000 fathoms and more in the Mediter- 

 ranean, and has obtained results contradictory of those arrived 

 at by Dr. Carpenter some years since. The typical forms of 

 the deep-sea fauna, such as Hyalonema, Willemoesia, certain Cri- 

 noids and Holothurians, have been recognized by Prof. Giglioli, 

 who has conducted the expedition. 



B. DiSCOVEEIES IN PAETICULAE GeOUPS. 



Peotozoa. — Tlie studies of Dr. August Gruber on amoeboid 

 Erhizopoda, and on the division of Euglypha (Zeitschr. fiir wiss. 

 Zoologie, vols, xxxv., xxxvi., 1881-82) have added to our know- 

 ledge of unicellular organisms. Dr. Gruber has shown that the 

 shell of the young Euglyplia which is budded from its parent is 

 formed by a number of minute shell-plates (about eighty in 

 number), which pass from the parent organism on to the extruded 

 protoplasm destined to form a new individual. Subsequently 

 the nucleus extends and divides, exhibiting the fibrillar structure 

 seen in other cell-nuclei when dividing ; one half of the divided 

 nucleus passes into the protrusion which forms the new indi- 

 vidual. 



The Gregarinfe and Psorosperms have received special atten- 

 tion from Professor Biitschli (Zeitschr. fiir wiss. Zool. vol. xxxv. 

 1881), in connexion with his great w^ork on Protozoa now being 

 published in the series known as Bronn's ' Thierreich.' The 

 conjugation and encystation of the bilocular Gregarinse parasitic 

 in Arthropods, and the formation of spores and spore-ducts has 

 been studied by Biitschli, who in the main confirms Aimee 

 Schneider's results. 



Dr. Ganle, of Leipzig, has described a curious worm-like body, 

 often seen in the blood-cells and other tissue-elements of the 

 edible frog. This worm-like body is j-ecognized by Prof Kay 

 Lankestcr (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., January 1882) as the young 

 form, or "ialciform condition," of a Oregarina already described 

 by Eimer and by Lieberkuhn as producing " psorosperms " or 

 spores in the kidney and intestinal epithelium of the frog. 



Important observations tending to connect the organisms 



