8. COCCOTHBATTSTES. 37 



Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 113 Q 859) ; Sahxn, Ibis, 1850, p. 113; 



Imdertn. Fog. Griechenl, p. 63 (1860) ; Poivys, Ibis, 1860, p. 137 ; 



Schl. Bier. Nederl, Fog. pi. 17. figs. 1, 2 (1861) ; Gray, List Brit. 



B. p. 92 (1863); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 51 ; FUippi, Viayg. Persia, 



p. 349 (1865) ; Giglivli, Ibis, 1865, p. 57 ; More, t. c. p. 128 ; 



Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 178; Der/l. % Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 266 



(1867); Tristr. Ibis, L867, p. 369; Drake, t. c. p. 427; Loche, 



Ecpl. Sci. Alger, i. p. 2J0 (1867); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 445; 



Borggr. Fogelf. Norddeutsehl. p. 77 (1869); Doderl Arif. Si.it. 



p. 97 (1860) ; Elwes $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 198 ; Gray, Hand-l. 



B. ii. p. 87, no. 7286 (1870) ; Bettoni, Uec. nidif. Lomb. pi. 71; 



Gould, B. Gf. Brit. iii. pi. 40 ; Fritsch, Fog. Eur. pi. 27. "fig. 8; 



Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 220: Gurnet/, t. c. p. 293; Saivad. Faun. 



Ital, Vcc. p. 149(1871); R. Gray, Ii. II'. Scotl, p. 144 (1871); 



Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 29 (1872); fifoeBey, B. Egypt, p. 150 



(1872); Keulem. Onze Fogels, ii. pi. 47 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 



1873, p. 247 ; Dresser, li. Eur. iii. p. 575, pi. 175 (1875) ; Lilford, 

 , IZ»*s, 1875, p. 5; Danf.8f Harvie Brown, t. c. p. 414; Irby, B. 



Gibr. p. 124 ( 1875) ; Jesse, Ibis, 1876, p. 303 ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. 



B. ii. p. 98 (1876) ; Ihmf. Ibis, 1878, p. 25 ; Bogd. B. Cam. p. 62 



(1879) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1880, p. 187 ; Gigl. Iconogr. Avif. Ital. part ix. 



(1880); Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 219; Dixon, t. c p. 576; Sato. Cat. 



Strickl. Coll. p. 211 (1882); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 50 (1883); 



Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 183 ; Eagle Clark, Ibis, 1884, p. 143; Seeb. 



Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 57 (1884); Tristr. Faun. ,V F/or. Palest, p. 66 



(1884); Radde, Or,,. Cauc. p. 179(1884); Whitehead, Mis, 1885, 



p. 39 ; Reid, t. c. p. 245 : GtyJ. 4t»/. Ital. p. — (1886). 

 Fringilla coccothraustes, Meyer, Fog. Liv- u. Esthl. p. 73 (1815); 

 rentm. ilfora. cPOrn. i. p. 344 (1820); Naum. Fog. Deutschl.iv. 



pi. 114 ( 1-21 1 : W, rner,Atlas, Granivores, pi. 36 (1827) ; Crespon, 



Orn. Gard. p. 240 (1840) ; Nordm. in. Ik'mid. Foy. Russ. Mr rid. 



iii. p. 181 (1840); Kjarb. Danm. Fugle, pi. xxv. tig. I, sw/v*/. 9, 



fig. 6 (1852); Swn^u. Sv. For/l. pi. v. figs. 5, ; Fallon, Ois. 



Belg. p. 96 (1875). 

 Coccothraustes deformis, Koch, Syst. Baier, Zool. p. 226 (1816). 

 Coccothraustea fagorum, Brehm, f'iig. Deutschl. p. 250 ( l^.'Jl ). 

 Coccothraustes cerasororum, Brehm, Fog. Deutschl. p. 266 ( 1831). 

 Coccothraustes planiceps, Brehm, Jog. Deutschl. p. 25s ( ]s.'ij ). 

 Coccothraustes atrigularis, Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. i. p. 356 | 1837). 

 Coccothraustes europajus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 227(1837). 

 Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Bp. Consp. i. p. 500 (I860); Licht. 



Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 46 (1854) ; Sharp.e, P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 96. 

 Coccothraustes minor, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 276 ; id. Fogelf. 

 p. 94 (1855). 



Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, with a broad 

 collar of ashy grey separating the crown of the head from the 

 mantle ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts cinnamon-brown, 

 rather deeper on the latter ; lesser wing-coverts blackish ; median 

 coverts ashy white with black bases ; greater coverts blackish brown, 

 externally ashy white like the median coverts, the inner ones 

 cinnamon-brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills velvety 

 black, glossed with purplish or steel-blue at the ends' of the inner 

 primaries and outer secondaries, all of which have quadrate ends ; 

 primaries with a large spot of white about the middle of the inner 



