172 FRINGILLID^. 



Pers. p. 349 (I860) ; Bettoni, Ucc. Nidif. Lomb. i. pi. 11 (I860); 



Lilford, Ibis, 1836, p. 177 ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 271 



(1867) ; Tristr. Ibis, 18(37, p. 369 ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. 



i. p. 143 (1867); Borggr. Voyelf. Norddeutsohl. p. 77 (1869); 



Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 80 (1869) ; Keulem. Onze Vog. i. pi. 32 



(1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 87, no. 7281 (1870) ; Fritsch, Vog. 



Eur. tab. 26.' figs. 10, 11 (1870) ; Wgatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 16; Ehves 



Sf Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 193 ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 150 



(1871); R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 134(1871); Saunders, Ibis, 



1871, p. 219 ; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 27 (1872) ; Shelleg, B. 



Eggpt, p. 151 (1872); Aid. # Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 64; 



Brooke, t. c. p. 247 ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873) ; Dresser, 



B. Eur. iv. p. 3, pi. 182 (1873); Irbg, B. Gibr. p. 118 (1875); 



Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 101 (1875) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 10 ; Dresser, 



t. c. p. 242 ; Danf. fy Harvie Brown, t. c. p. 412 ; Wharton, Ibis, 



1876, p. 24 ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 68 (1876) ; Blanf. 



East. Pers. ii. p. 247 (1876) ; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 22 ; Boqd. B. 



Cauc. p. 61 (1879) ; Finsch, Reis. West-Sibir. p. 93 (1879) ; Salvin, 



Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 207 (1882) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, pp. 218, 378; 



Dixon, t. c. p. 574 ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 52 (1883) ; Giglioli, 



Avif. Ital. fa?c. 24 (1883) ; Homeger fy Tancre, MT. orn. Ver. 



Wien, p. 89 (1883) ; Booth, Rouyh Notes, pt. v. (1883) ; Seebohm, 



Ibis, 1883, p. 9 ; Irbg, t. c. p. 183 ; Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 143 ; 



Saunders, t. c. p. 376 ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 100, pi. 13 



(1884) ; Tristr. Faun. Sf Flor. Palest, p. 69 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. 



Cauc. p. 174 (1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 40 ; Giglioli, Avif. 



Ital. p. 20 (1886) ; Salvad. Elench. Orn. Ital. p. 171 (1887). 



Fringilla nobilis, Schrank, Fauna Boica, p. 176 (1798). 



Passer spiza, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 17 (1811). 



Struthus ccelebs, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 323. 



Fringilla bortensis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 272 (1831). 



Fringilla alpestris, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 277. 



Fringilla minor, Brehm, t. c. p. 277. 



Adult male. General colour above chestnut-brown on the mantle, 

 back, and scapulars, the feathers with greyish bases ; lesser wing- 

 coverts white, grey along the edge of the wing ; median coverts 

 white ; greater coverts black, tipped with white ; bastard-wing aud 

 primary-coverts black, edged with ashy; quills black, margined 

 with pale olive-yellow, the inner primaries white at the base, form- 

 ing a speculum ; the secondaries white at the base, forming a 

 band with the white tips to the greater coverts ; the innermost 

 secondaries edged with light brown ; lower back and rump olive- 

 green ; upper tail-coverts and two centre tail-feathers ashy grey, 

 the remainder black, with a large wedge-shaped mark of white on 

 the inner web of the penultimate one ; this mark more extended on 

 the outermost feather, which has also the basal half of the outer 

 web white ; crown of head, nape, and hind neck slaty blue, paler on 

 the two latter, with a black band across the forehead ; sides of neck 

 slaty blue like the head ; eyebrow, lores, eyelid, ear-coverts, sides of 

 face, and cheeks pale vinous red, clearer on the centre of the breast 

 and abdomen ; the lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts 

 white, the latter washed with vinous near the vent ; sides of upper 

 breast ashy grey ; axillaries yellowish white, with ashy bases ; quills 

 dusky below, whitish along the inner web ; bill leaden blue ; legs 



