24. FRINGILLA. 179 



p. 299 (1859) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 63 (18G0) ; Swinh. 

 Ibis, 1861, pp. 45, 335; Schl. Dier. Nederl. Voqeh, pi. 16. figs. 9, 

 10(1861); F.SfP. Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 84; Gould, B. Gr. 

 Brit. iii. pi. 35 (1862) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 412 (1863) ; Gray, List 

 Brit. B. p. 94 (1863): Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 192 (1863); 

 Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 54 ; Swinh. t. c. p. 423 : Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, 

 p. 57; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 274 (1867) ; Loche, E.ipl. 

 Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 142 (1867); Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 201 ; 

 Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 444; Borqqr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 77 

 (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 80(1869); Elwes § Buckley, Ibis, 

 1870, p. 193 ; Fritsch, Tog. Eur. Taf. 25. figs. 13, 14 (1870) ; Gray, 

 Hand-l. B. ii. p. 80, no. 7168 (1870) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 219 ; 

 Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 151 (1871); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, 

 p. 385; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 137 (1871); Dresser, B. Eur. 

 iv. p. 15, pi. 184 (1871) ; Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 27 (1872) ; 

 Seuertz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 64, 116 (1873) ; Alst. §• Harvie 

 Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 64 ; Keul. Onze Vog. ii. pi. 46 (1873) ; 

 Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 160, 1875, p. 120 ; Danf. fy Harvie Brown, 

 t. c. p. 413 ; Cordeaux, t. c. p. 183; Irby, B. 'Gibr. p. 118 (1875) ; 

 Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 241; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 102 (1875); 

 Seebohm 8f Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 116 ; Newt, ed Yiarr. Brit. 

 B. ii. p. 75 (1876) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France,!, p. 179 (1876) ; 

 Finsch, Ibis, 1877, pp. 57, 64, 65 ; Danf .Ibis, 1878, p. 22 ; Blakist. 

 4" Fryer, t. c. p. 244 ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 335 ; David $ Oust. Ois. 

 Chine, p. 383 (1878); Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 465, 1879, p. 108; 

 Boqd. B. Cauc. p. 62 (1879); Finsch, Reis. West-Sibir. p. 93 

 (1879) ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 87 ; Scully, t. c. p. 597 ; Salvin, 

 Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 207 (1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. V . 52 (1883) ; 

 Booth, Rouqh Notes, part v. (1883) ; Homeqer # Tancre, MT. 

 Orn. Ver. Wien, p. 89 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 9 ; Severtz. 

 t. c. p. 85 ; Irby, t. c. p. 183 ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 96, 

 pi. 13 (1884); id. Ibis, 1884, p. 266; Saunders, t. c. p. 376; 

 Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 17 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cauc. 

 p. 173 (1884); Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 21 (1886). 



Fringilla lulensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 318 (1766). 



Passer montifringilla, Pall. Zoogr.' Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 18 (1811). 



Fringilla flammea, Beseke, Vog. Kurl. p. 79 (1821). 



Strath us montifringilla, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 323. 



Fringilla septentrionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 274 (1831). 



Fringilla borealis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 277. 



Fringilla major, Brehm, t. c. p. 277. 



Adult male inbreeding-plumaije. General colour above blue-black, 

 with generally a few sandy margins to the feathers (remains of 

 winter plumage) ; lower back and rump white in the centre, black 

 on either side ; scapulars and lesser wing-coverts pale orange- 

 rufous ; median coverts white ; greater coverts black, broadly tipped 

 with white, here and there washed with orange ; bastard-wing and 

 primary-coverts black ; quills black, the primaries edged with pale 

 yellow, whitish towards their ends, the inner ones white at the base, 

 forming a speculum ; the secondaries rather broadly edged with 

 white towards their ends ; upper tail-coverts black, tipped with 

 ashy, the long ones more broadly ; tail-feathers black, fringed with 

 ashy, the centre ones broadly, the outer feather broadly white for 

 more than half its outer web, the inner web with a slightly indi- 



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