180 



FRIXGILLTIl.^. 



cated white mark and hinged with white uear the tip ; lores, sides 

 of face, cheeks, and ear- coverts black ; throat and breast pale 

 orange-rufous ; abdomen white, the sides of the body and flanks 

 sandy buff, with rounded black spots ; thighs white, posteriorly 

 black ; under tail-coverts white, orange-rufous near the vent ; axil- 

 laries primrose-yellow ; under wing-coverts white ; quills dusky 

 below, white along the inner web. Total length 6-2 inches, cul- 

 men 0-55, wing 3-5, tail 2--15, tarsus 0-75. 



Adult male in winter plumage. Very different from the summer 

 plumage, the back of the head obscured by sandy-rufous edges to 

 the feathers, the sides of the neck and the hind neck with pale 

 bluish grey, the dorsal feathers with dark sandy edgings ; wings 

 and tail much as iu summer, but with more orange-rufous on the 

 wi ug-coverts ; orange-rufous of the throat and chest duller and more 

 shaded with sandy buff ; flanks more strongly washed with sandy 

 buff and the rounded black spots smaller. 



The summer plumage of the male is gradually assumed by the 

 shedding of the sandy- coloured edges, and the bluish ashy of the 

 hind neck and mantle remains as a spot behind the head, tho 

 feathers of these parts generally showing ashy-grey bases through- 

 out the summer plumage. 



Female. Different from the male and not nearly so black. Upper 

 surface brown, mottled with greyish bases to the feathers ; head 

 brown like the back, with a lateral streak on each side of the crown 

 extending to the sides of the hind neck and enclosing a nuchal spot 

 of greyish white ; lower back and rump white, with the same 

 markings as in the male : scapulars and lesser wing-coverts pale 

 orange-rufous with black bases : remainder of wings and tail as in 

 male but browner ; eyebrow pale ashy with a slight tinge of rufous ; 

 eyelid whitish ; ear-coverts ashy brown tinged with grey, this being 

 more distinct on the sides of the neck, the ear-coverts having a black 

 band posteriorly joined to the black band on the side of the crown ; 

 cheeks brown, separated from the throat by a tolerably distinct 

 malar line of black ; remainder of under surface as in male, but the 

 orange on throat and chest not nearly so rich. Total length 6-2 

 inches, culmen Oo, wing 3-4, tail 2-3, tarsus 0*8. 



Nestling. Recalls the plumage of the adult female, but more tinged 

 with olive, the nape-patch well developed, and the rump-patch 

 tinged with sulphur-yellow ; under surface of body washed with 

 pale sulphur-yellow, tinged with orange on fore neck, chest, and 

 sides of body. 



Young birds of both sexes after the first moult seem to me to be 

 very similar, the males being a little blacker throughout and having 

 the scapulars and wing-coverts more distinctly orange. 



Hah. Europe and Northern Asia to Japan and North China, 

 breeding in high latitudes and going south to winter ; at the latter 

 season found in North-western India. 



a. J ad. sk. England. Montagu Coll. 



b. c? ad. sk. Cornwall. Montagu Coll. 



