20. CARDtTELIS. 187 



Carduelis aurata, Eytoti, Cat. Brit. B. p. 23 (1830). 

 Carduelis communis, B/i/th, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 554 (1845). 

 Carduelis aceedens, Brehm, Naion. 1855, p. 277. 

 Carduelis meridionalis, Brehm, t. c. p. 277. 

 Carduelis aurantiipennis, Brehm, t. c. p. 277. 

 Carduelis vulgaris, Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 81 (1869). 

 Carduelis europreus, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873). 

 Carduelis major, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 672; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, 



pp. 424, 547 ; id. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 134. 

 Fringilla major, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. m B. ii. p. 87 (1884). 

 Fringilla albigularis, Madardsz, Zeitschr. e/es. Orn. i. p. 145 (1884). 

 Carduelis albigularis, Madardsz, t. c. pi. iii. 



Adult male. General colour above pale chocolate-brown, lighter on 

 the rump, the feathers of which have whitish bases; wing-coverts 

 black, with obscure margins of pale brown ; greater coverts golden 

 yellow, the outer ones black externally, the inner ones pale ashy or 

 fulvous, brown towards their ends; bastard-wing and primary - 

 coverts black ; quills black, tipped with white, the primaries golden 

 yellow for the basal half of the outer web, the secondaries with 

 golden-yellow bases, the inner secondaries tipped with pale fulvous 

 brown like the innermost greater coverts ; upper tail-coverts white, 

 shaded with fulvous brown, the long ones with black bases ; tail- 

 feathers black, with a white spot at the end, diminishing in size 

 towards the outer feathers, the two outer feathers with a large white 

 patch on the inner web, reduced to a small spot of white on the 

 third feather ; crown of head black down the centre and descending 

 on each side in a broad line behind the ear-coverts ; nape whitish, 

 separating the black crown from the back ; forehead crimson, extend- 

 ing above the eye ; lores and eyelid black ; sides of crown, ear- 

 coverts, and hinder cheeks white, descending to the lower throat : 

 forepart of cheeks and upper throat crimson ; fore neck pale fulvous 

 brown ; breast and abdomen white ; sides of upper breast pale 

 fulvous brown, like the sides of body and flanks ; thighs whitish ; 

 under tail-coverts white, shaded with fulvous brown ; under wing- 

 coverts and axillaries white ; quills below dusky, whitish along the 

 inner edge. Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 055, wing 3-2, tail 

 l - 85, tarsus 06. 



Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4'7 inches, 

 culmen 0-5, wing 2 - 95, tail 1*8, tarsus - 55. 



Young. Differs from the adults in wanting the red on the face, as 

 well as the black of the crown and hind neck, the upper surface 

 being brown with blackish or dusky tips to the feathers, producing a 

 spotted appearance ; wings as in the adult, excepting that the lesser 

 and median wing-coverts are tipped with fulvous brown, and the 

 greater series, instead of being golden yellow, are black tipped with 

 creamy buff, washed with yellow ; under surface of body white, 

 washed with brown on the fore neck, breast, and sides of the body, 

 all these parts being spotted with blackish. 



Although the full plumage is gained after the first moult, the 

 colours are scarcely so vivid as in the fully adult birds, and imma- 



