100 FIUNGlLTJU.r. 



1875, p. 255; Hume, !Str. F. 1879, p. 10s ; Finsch, Verh, zool.-bof. 

 Geselhch. Wien, xxix. p. 205 (1879); Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 

 1880, p. 67; Bidd. Ihh,18&\, p. 85; Scully, t.c. p. 578 ; Salvin, 

 Vat. Strickl. Coll. p. 212 (1882) ; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882. p. 115. 



Fring-illa orientalis, Erersm. Addend. Pall. Zvogr. p. 9 (1841 ) ; Gray, 

 Gen. B. ii. p. 371 ( 1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 80, no. 7172 (1870). 



Fringilla cauiceps, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. 

 ii. p. 80, no. 7173 (1870) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 51. 



Carduelis orientalis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 518 (1850) ; Blasius, Ibis, 180], 

 p. 295; Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. pp. 04, 116 (1873) ; I)re<ser, Ibis, 

 1875, pp. 243, 387; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 180 

 (1879); Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 17 (1877); Seebohm, His, 1880, 

 p. 187. 



Carduelis major cauiceps, Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, pp. 424, 547. 



Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, tbe lower back 

 mottled with ashy bases to the feathers, the rump greyish, the 

 upper tail-coverts white with black bases ; wing-coverts black, with 

 a few remains of narrow brownish edges; gr eater _ coverts golden 

 yellow, the outer ones black externally, tbe innermost black at base, 

 ashy brown at the ends : bastard-wing and primary-coverts black ; 

 quills black, externally golden yellow for a considerable portion of 

 the outer web, the inner secondaries wbite at the end of the outer 

 web, the innermost white for nearly the whole extent of the latter ; 

 tail-feathers black, the four centre ones with a wbite spot at the 

 tip, the outer feather white for the greater part of the inner web ; 

 crown of head ashy brown like the back, the forehead crimson ; 

 lores and eyelid black ; ear-coverts ashy brown, hoary white above 

 the eye and behind the red face, joining the throat ; fore part of 

 cheeks and chin crimson ; remainder of throat whitish ; fore neck, 

 chest, sides of body, and flanks ashy brown : centre of breast and 

 abdomen white ; thighs ashy brown ; under tail-coverts white ; 

 under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a tinge of yellow 

 near the edge of the wing ; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along 

 the inner edge. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3*2, 

 tail 1-95, tarsus 0-55. 



Adult female. Only differs from the male in having the crimson on 

 the face not quite so bright, and in having more black at the base 

 of the yellow greater coverts. Total length 5T inches, culmen 0-55, 

 wing 3-2, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-55. 



Young. Like that of O. elegans, but may be recognized by the 

 greater extent of white on the outer web of the inner secondaries. 



A young specimen from Shiraz appears to be a hybrid, for the 

 amount of white on the inner secondaries is intermediate between 

 that of an English nestling and one from Cashmere. The female 

 obtained by Sir O. St. John also appears to be intermediate ; and 

 thus we have a second point of contact in the ranges of the two 

 Goldfinches, the other being in the neighbourhood of Krasnoyarsk, 

 whence Mr. Seebohm has received several specimens, clearly hybrids 

 (cf. Seebohm, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 134, and 'Ibis,' 1882, p. 424) 

 between the Oriental Goldfinch and the large form of the European 

 Goldfinch (C. major). 



