448 FRINGILLID^. 



Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 38 (1838) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 238 (1840) : 



Selys-Longch. Faun. Behe, p. 78 (1842) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lxvii 



(1844); Heivits. Eqgs Brit. B. i. p. 169, pi. 46. fig. 1 (1846); 



Jaub. 8r Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 121 (1859) ; Schl. Bier. 



Nederl., Yog. p. 130, pi. 17. figs. 3, 4 (1861) ; Deql. et Gerbe, Orn. 



Eur. i. p. 250 ( 1867) ; Loche, Expl, Sri. Alqer., Oi's. i. p. 159 (1867) ; 



Keid. Onze Vogels, i. pi. 36 (1869) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 41 



(1870); R. Gray,B. West Scot!, p. 151 (1871); Fritsch, J. f. O. 



1871, p. 309 ; Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 29 (1872) ; Fallon, Ois. 



Belg. p. 95 (1875). 

 Pyrrhula germanica, Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl. p. 252 (1831) ; Homeyer, 



J.f. 0. 1879, p. 175. 

 Pyrrhula peregrina, Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl. p. 253 (1831). 

 Pyrrliula pileata, Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. i. p. 407 (1837). 

 Pyrrhula rubicilla (nee Pall.), Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xli (1840) ; 



Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 387 (1844, pt.); Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 274 



(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 525 (1850); Gray, List Brit. B. p. 109 



(1863); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 130; Borqgr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. 



p. 74 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 99, no. 7477(1870) ; Salvad. 



Faun. ltd., Ucc. p. 159 (1871); Tristr. Ibis, 1871, p. 232; Danf. 



$- Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 414. 

 Pyrrhula vulgaris, var. minor, Schl. Tog. Nederl. pi. 174 (1854). 

 Pyrrhula minor, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 276; id. Vogelf. p. 91 



(1855). 

 Pyrrhula pyrrhula europasa, Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 105. 



Adult male. Similar to the male of P. -pyrrhula, but much smaller 

 and duller-coloured, especially as regards the vermilion colour under- 

 neath ; bill black ; feet dark brown ; iris brown. Total length 

 6 inches, culmen - 45, wing 3-1, tail 24, tarsus 0-65. 



Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

 earthy brown ; rump white ; lesser wing-coverts dull ashy brown ; 

 median coverts ashy, brown at the ends : greater coverts blue-black, 

 broadly tipped with ochreous buff ; bastard-wing and primary- 

 coverts ashy brown ; quills black, externally blue-black, the prima- 

 ries edged with ashy near the tip ; inner secondaries entirely blue- 

 black, the one nearest the back ashy grey at base, pale vermilion 

 towards the end of the outer web, forming a patch ; upper tail- 

 coverts and centre tail-feathers blue-black, the remainder black, 

 externally blue-black ; crown of head black, separated from the 

 brown back by an ashy-grey shade which extends on to the sides of 

 the neck ; feathers round the eye, fore part of cheeks, and chin black ; 

 ear-coverts, remainder of cheeks, and under surface of body vinous 

 chocolate, somewhat paler on the lower abdomen ; sides of body and 

 flanks like the breast ; lores ashy ; under tail-coverts white ; under 

 wing-coverts and axillaries ashy white ; quills below dusky, ashy 

 along the inner edge. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 3-1, 

 tail 2-4, tarsus 0"65. 



Young. Resembles the old female, but is of a duller brown, espe- 

 cially on the under surface ; head brown like the back, with no 

 trace of grey on the neck : rump white, washed with brown ; wings 

 and tail as in the adult, but the median coverts pale brown at the 

 ends, and the greater coverts tipped with pale ochreous buff, the 

 red streak on the innermost secondary replaced by pale brown. 

 Hah. Western, Central, and Southern Europe. The eastern range 



