482 FHINGILL1D.E. 



browner shaft-stripes ; scapulars chestnut, broadly centred with 

 black ; lesser wing-coverts uniform chestnut ; median wing-coverts 

 chestnut with black bases ; greater coverts black, edged with chest- 

 nut, and with sandy-buff outer margins ; bastard-wing dusky brown, 

 edged with ashy or pale rufous ; primary-coverts dusky brown, nar- 

 rowly fringed with ashy rufous ; quills blackish, externally edged 

 with rufous, more ashy along the outer margin of the primaries, 

 which are whitish towards the tips; tail-feathers dark brown, with 

 whity-brown margins, the remainder blackish edged with brown, the 

 two outer feathers edged with white, excepting for a dusky mark 

 along the end of the outer web, and having a long wedge-shaped 

 mark of white near the end of the inner web ; crown of head, sides 

 of face, and ear-coverts entirely black, separated from the back by 

 a broad band of white, forming a collar which joins the white sides 

 of the neck ; cheeks white, joined to the sides of the neck ; throat 

 black, descending on to the centre of the fore neck ; remainder of 

 under surface of body white, streaked with black on the sides of the 

 body ; the stripes on the flanks broader and somewhat tinged with 

 rufous ; the sides of the breast ashy grey and more narrowly streaked 

 with black ; thighs brown ; under tail-coverts white, as also the 

 axillaries and under wing-coverts ; quills dusky below, ashy along 

 the inner web. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-45, whig 3, 

 tail 2-6, tarsus 075. 



In the breeding-season the upper plumage becomes so worn that 

 the back is almost entirely black, owing to the abrasion of the 

 rufous edgings. 



Adult male in winter plumage. Not so black as ifi summer, the 

 whole of the upper surface having rufous edgings to the feathers, 

 especially on the wings ; the black of the head and face hidden by 

 rufous edges to the feathers, and the white bind neck entirely 

 obscured by sandy-brown margins ; the white of the cheeks and 

 under surface of body washed with brown, and the black throat 

 obscured by sandy-buff margins. 



As spring approaches all the rufous and sandy-buff margins 

 become worn off, so that the underlying plumage is developed. 



Adult female in breeding-plumage. Wants the black head and 

 black throat of the male, the head being like the back, reddish 

 brown streaked with black ; a streak of sandy buff above the eye ; 

 ear-coverts reddish brown ; cheeks white, joined to a spot on the 

 sides of the neck ; hind neck ashy, streaked with dusky blackish, 

 but not forming so distinct a band as the white collar in the male ; 

 throat ashy fulvous, with a broad black band on each side, widening 

 out on the sides of the neck ; fore neck rufous, broadly streaked 

 with black ; rest of under surface of body white, streaked with 

 dusky brown on the sides ; thighs brown. Total length 5-2 inches, 

 culraen 045, wing 2 - 9, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*7. 



Some old females show a great deal of black on the throat and 

 fore neck, and approach the males in plumage on the under siirface ; 

 but the head is never so black, and the ear-coverts are black washed 



