582 FRINGILLIDiE. 



Young. General colour above tawny yellowish, thickly streaked 

 with black centres to the feathers, the head like the back, the hind 

 neck paler and more narrowly streaked ; lesser and median wing- 

 coverts blackish, edged with white or sandy buff ; greater coverts 

 blackish, externally edged with chestnut and tipped with white ; 

 bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, the secon- 

 daries edged with chestnut like the greater coverts, paler and more 

 rufous on the primaries, ashy rufous on the first one ; tail-feathers 

 blackish, edged with rufous, the outermost feather dull whitish, with 

 a brown spot near the end of the outer web and a larger mark on 

 the inner web, the penultimate feather with a wedge-shaped whitish 

 mark on the inner web ; a distinct superciliary streak of ashy whitish 

 with black streaks ; lores and eyelids whitish ; ear-coverts yellowish 

 buff, streaked with black, behind them a whitish patch down the 

 sides of the neck ; cheeks and throat white, separated by a malar 

 line of black ; fore neck, breast, and sides of body yellowish buff, 

 minutely streaked with black ; abdomen and under tail-coverts dull 

 whitish ; thighs yellowish buff ; axillaries and under wing-coverts 

 white : " bill reddish grey, black on tip of upper mandible ; feet 

 dark brownish grey ; iris dark hazel " (Stejneger). In the above 

 plurrage the young bird remaius till August, when it moults into 

 its first wirter dress. This is much more ru*escent than the nestling 

 plumage, the prevailing tone of which is yellowish. 



The young male in first winter plumage bears a general resemblance 

 to the adult female, and has the head only a trifler paler than the 

 back, streaked with black, more pronounced on the sides of the 

 crown ; the rufous collar on the hind neck is traceable, but is entirely 

 obscured by sandy-buff margins to the feathers ; the eyebrow is 

 sandy buff, as also the ear-coverts ; the white patch on the side of 

 the neck can be plainly seen ; the general tone of the under surface 

 is fulvescent, the throat whiter, the fore neck, chest, and sides of 

 body sandy buff, with a black patch on the fore neck concealed by 

 sandy-buff tips to the feathers. 



Young females in winter plumage are much paler than old females, 

 and have much broader rufous margins to the coverts and quills ; 

 lores and eyebrow creamy buff; under surface buffy white, narrowly 

 streaked on the sides with brown, with a few slight streaks on the 

 fore neck, but showing no moustachial streak. 



The old female in winter plumage differs from the summe" plumage 

 in being much paler, with broader light margins to the feathers and 

 the rufous on the hind neck scarcely indicated ; under surface of 

 body creamy white, the black on the malar region and on the fore 

 neck perceptible, but more or less obscured by whitish edges to the 

 feathers, the fore neck appearing streaked with black; the flanks 

 also broadly streaked with black. 



The adult male in winter plumage differs from the summer plumage 

 in having the whole of the characteristic black and rufous coloration 

 obscured by sandy-rufous edges to the feathers ; the head is like the 

 back, the feathers being margined with sandy buff, which gradually 

 wears off, leaving the black pure; remains of these pale edgings arc 



