58. CAXcAKitrs. 587 



Adult male. General colour above brown, much mottled -with 

 black centres to the feathers of the mantle and back ; rump rather 

 more ashy, the feathers edged with hoary grey, the centres black ; 

 lesser wing-coverts black, the innermost with broad white tips ; 

 median coverts black, edged with white ; greater coverts brown, 

 externally edged with whity brown, whitish towards the ends; 

 bastard-wing brown, fringed with whity brown ; primary-coverts and 

 quills brown, edged with whity brown, the primaries with white, 

 with which the secondaries are also margined at the tips ; upper 

 tail-coverts blackish, edged with ashy ; two centre tail-feathers 

 brown, the remainder white, with a broad brown band at the end, 

 decreasing in size towards the two outermost, which have only a 

 longitudinal brown mark near the end of the outer web ; crown of 

 head black, some of the feathers edged with white ; on the occiput 

 a patch of white ; nape and hind neck bright chestnut, forming a 

 broad collar ; lores and a broad eyebrow white, as also the feathers 

 round eye and eyelid ; along the upper edge of the ear-coverts a 

 black streak, descending in a patch behind the latter ; cheeks, throat, 

 and ear-coverts light ochreous buff; lower throat and sides of neck 

 white ; fore neck, chest, and breast black, some of the feathers 

 edged with chestnut and some with white, especially on the latter ; 

 abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts white ; sides of body, flanks, 

 and thighs ashy brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; 

 quills below light brown, ashy along the inner edge : " bill yellow, 

 with the tips dusky ; feet and claws yellowish flesh-colour " (Audu- 

 bon) : "bill plumbeous brown above, lighter beneath; feet dusky 

 brown ; iris brown " (ff. W. Henslunv). Total length 5-25 inches, 

 culmen 0-45, wing 3*4, tail 2 - 25, tarsus 0'75. 



Adult male in winter plumage. Much browner than the summer 

 plumage, the black head and chestnut collar being brown, the full 

 plumage being hidden by broad brown edges to the feathers, the 

 black of the uuderparts being also obscured by broad sandy-buff 

 margins to the feathers, underneath which the full plumage can be 

 traced. 



Adult female. Different from the male and much browner, the 

 crown being like the back, with similar blackish-brown centres to 

 the feathers ; the chestnut collar of the male replaced by a mere 

 tinge of rufous on the hind neck, the feathers being spotted with 

 brown ; wing-coverts brown like the back, margined with whity 

 brown, whitish on the greater series ; quills brown, margined with 

 lighter brown, white on the primaries ; tail-feathers as in the male, 

 but with more brown at the ends ; lores and a distinct eyebrow dull 

 white ; sides of face and ear-coverts buffy whitish, with a brown 

 streak along the upper edge of the ear-coverts, and joining a large 

 brown patch behind the latter ; cheeks and throat buffy whitish, 

 separated from each other by a narrow malar streak of brown ; re- 

 mainder of under surface brown, the feathers mottled with lanceolate 

 blackish centres, the middle of the breast having a black patch ; 

 under tail-coverts white ; sides of body and flanks brown, indistinctly 



