646 FKiNGiLLma:. 



68. JUNCO. Type 



Junco, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 526 J. cinereus. 



Struthus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 31 



(1838, nee Boie) J- hiernalis. 



Niphsea, Audub. Syn. p. 106 (1839) J. biemahs. 



Range. North America at large. Central America from Mexico 

 to Guatemala. 



Key to the Species*. 



a. No chestnut on the wing-coverts or inner secon- 

 daries, these being externally brown or ashy. 

 a'. No pinkish brown on the sides of the body. 

 a". General colour above ashy blackish ; no 

 white bars on the wing. 



a'". Bill pinkish white or yellowish hiemalis, p. 647. 



b'". Bill horn-colour carolinensis, p. 649. 



b". General colour light ashy grey above ; two 

 wing-bars formed by the whitish tips to 



the wing-coverts aikeni, p. 649. 



b'. Sides of body pinkish brown ; back brown, 

 more or less contrasting with the head. 



c". Head black as well as the throat oregonus, p. 650. 



d". Head ashy ; throat paler ashy. 



c'". Head and hind neck clear ashy, contrast- 

 ing with the brown back; bill yellow . . annectens, p. 651. 

 d'". Head and hind neck ashy brown, not 



strongly contrasting with the brown I insidaris, p. 652. 



back ; bill long, horn-coloured | bairdi, p. 053. 



c'. Sides of body ashy grey ; mantle bright chest- 

 nut dorsalis, p. 655. 



Greater coverts and inner secondaries externally 



chestnut : sides of body ashy or brown. 

 d'. Three outer tail-feathers nearly or entirely 

 white ; back bright chestnut ; bill entirely 



yellow caniceps, p. 654. 



e'. White on two outer tail-feathers only. 



e". Smaller; white on tail extending beyond 

 the middle of the penultimate feather; 

 the outer one almost entirely white f. 

 e'". Upper parts of head and neck with rump 



clear ashy grey ; lores greyish black .... palliatus, p. 655. 

 f". Upper parts of head and neck with 

 rump dark grey, inclining to slate-colour, 

 the rump often tinged with olive ; lores 

 deep black cinereus, p. 653. 



* Most of the species of Junco are granted only subspeciflc rank by American 

 ornithologists, on account of their blending one into the other. Even such dis- 

 tinct species as Junco hiemalis and J. oregonus are said to merge, and the inter- 

 mediate connecting link has been named J. connectens by Dr. Ooues (Key N. 

 Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 378). 



t The distribution of white on the tail is presumed to be the same in J. pal- 

 liatus as in J. cinereus. I have not seen J. palliatus. 



