81. pipixo. 745 



Mus. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 178 (1872) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 

 p. 151 (1872) ; Baird, Brewer, $ Rklgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. 

 p. 109, pi. 31. figs. 2, 3 (1874) ; Cones, B. N.-West, p. 173 (1874) ; 

 Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 112 (1878); Coues, Bull. U.S. 

 Ge'ol, Surv. iv. p. 598 (1878) ; Ridgio. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. 

 p. 181 (1881); Coues, Checklist N. Amer. B. p. 60 (1882); id. 

 Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 396 (1884) ; Agersb. Auk, ii. p. 282 

 (1885) ; Aldrich, t. c. p. 308 ; Breivst. Auk, iii. p. 110 (1886) ; 

 Batchelder, t. e. p. 314; Fox, t. c. p. 318; Seton, t. c. p. 324; 

 A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 283 (1886); Ridgio. Man. 

 N. Amer. B. p. 436 (1887). 



Adult male. General colour above black, tbe upper tail-coverts 

 obsoletely fringed with dull rufous at the ends ; wing-coverts, 

 bastard-wing, and primary-coverts black ; quills black, the inner 

 secondaries broadly edged with white along the outer web, the 

 primaries rather broadly edged with white, which is not continuous 

 from the base on some of the inner ones ; tail-feathers black, the 

 outer one white at the tip and along the outer web, the penulti- 

 mate one with less white at the tip, reduced still further on the 

 third feather ; head all round, throat, and fore neck black ; chest, 

 breast, and abdomen white, the under tail-coverts pale fawn-colour ; 

 thighs white with black bases ; sides of body and flanks rich chest- 

 nut, slightly mottled with a few dusky brown spots on the sides of 

 the upper breast ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a 

 patch of dusky brown near the outer edge of the wing ; quills 

 dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web : " bill 

 black ; legs and claws pale yellowish brown ; iris bright red " 

 {Audubon). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen - 6, wing 3'45, tail 

 3-85, tarsus 1-05. 



Adult female. Chocolate-brown above and on the head, throat, 

 and fore neck, in fact everywhere where the male is black ; middle 

 tail-feathers chocolate-brown ; otherwise the tail as in the male, 

 but with white at the end of four of the outer feathers ; wings 

 brown where they are black in the male, the primaries white at the 

 base of the outer web, forming a speculum, the outer ones with a 

 small white mark towards the end of the outer web, not connected 

 along the margin of the feathers with the white basal mark ; the 

 inner secondaries with a broad white mark along the outer web, 

 fringed with sandy rufous ; rest of the under surface of body as in the 

 male, excepting that the chestnut on the sides of the body is paler. 

 Total length 7'5 inches, culmen - 65, wing 3-35, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*15. 



In the adult the iris is bright red, but in the young it is 

 frequently brown and sometimes yellowish white. In some in- 

 stances one eye is brown and the other red. (Audabon.) 



The winter plumage of the adults does not appear to differ much 

 from that of summer, but the long white marks on the outer webs 

 of the inner secondaries are tinged with rufous. The white on the 

 outer tail-feathers is of various extent in individuals, and a white 

 spot is seen in some examples at the tip of the fourth feather. 



Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada west to the 

 plains. 



