13. Parahollardia lineata, 62.2 mm SL, Florida: dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of pelvis and pelvic fin 61 



14. Parahollardia lineata, 82.0 mm SL, Florida: lateral and anterior views of first two dorsal spines 61 



15. Protobalistum imperiale, lateral view of holotype, 522 mm SL, Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy 62 



16. SpiVwcanf/juscunei/ormis, lateral view of holotype, 104 mm SL, Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy 63 



17. £op/ecfUA' 6/o(i, lateral view of holotype, 65.2 mm SL, Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy 64 



18. Zjgnoic/if/iysofe/ongus, lateral view of holotype, ca. 161 mm SL, Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy 65 



Lateral views of entire specimens of other representative triacanthodid genera of the Subfamily Tria- 

 canthodinae: 



19. Triacanf/iodesanoma/us, 71.5 mm SL, Japan, example of a relatively generalized member 67 



20. Tydemanfa/iat^igaforjs, 64.4 mm SL, Bay of Bengal, example of a moderately specialized member .... 68 



21. Macror/jomp/iosodesuradoi, 69.9 mm SL, Japan, example of a highly specialized member 69 



22. Hollardia hollardi: lateral views of moderate-sized specimen, 62.7 mm SL, and extremely large 

 specimen, 174 mm SL, both from Caribbean 70 



23. Para/3o//ardiasc/im;d(i, lateral view of head, 62.0 mm SL, Nicaragua 71 



24. Tn'acanf/iodesanoma/us, lateral view of head, 71.5 mm SL, Japan 71 



25. Parafn'acant/iodesrefrospmis, lateral view of head, 85.3 mm SL, Mozambique 71 



26. Johnsonina eriomma, lateral view of head, 67.0 mm SL, Puerto Rico 72 



27. Atrophacanthus japonicus, lateral view of head, 43.1 mm SL, Celebes 72 



28. Tydemanianai'igatons, lateral view of head, 64.4 mm SL, Bay of Bengal 72 



29. Macrorhamphosodes uradoi, lateral view of head, 69.9 mm SL, Japan 73 



30. //a/imoc/z(>urgusceAj(nscoides, lateral view of head, 99.2 mm SL, Bay of Bengal 73 



31. Typical body form in the Recent Triacanthidae iPseudotnacant/iusstrJ^i/i/er 78 



Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer: 



32. external features 79 



33. lateral view of entire specimen, 79.0 mm SL, India 89 



34. lateral view of head, 79.0 mm SL, India 90 



35. dorsal, ventral, and posterior views of skull, 79.0 mm SL, India 90 



36. posterior view of orbit, 130 mm SL, Thailand 90 



37. Tripodichthys angustifrons: dorsal view of branchial arches; lateral view of hyoid arch and urohyal; 



137 mm SL, Australia 91 



38. Triacanthus biaculeatus: lateral and anterior views of first two dorsal spines, 113 mm SL, Borneo 91 



39. A, Parahollardia lineata, 45.7 mm SL, Florida, and B, Triacanthus biaculeatus, 113 mm SL, Borneo; 

 lateral views of pelvis and pelvic fin; anterior views of the base of the pelvic spine 91 



40. Trixiphichthys weberi: lateral view of entire specimen, 101 mm SL, Bay of Bengal 92 



41. Trixiphichthys weberi: lateral view of head, 101 mm SL, Bay of Bengal 93 



42. Protacanthodesombonii: lateral views of holotype, 112 mm SL, Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy 94 



43. Protacanthodes ombonii: lateral view of abdominal region, holotype, 112 mm SL, Eocene of Monte 

 Bolca, Italy 95 



44. Acanthopleurus serratus: lateral view of entire specimen, syntype, ca. 91 mm SL, Oligocene of Canton 

 Glarus, Switzerland 96 



45. Acanthopleurus serratus: lateral views of entire specimens, 153 mm SL and 127 mm SL, and A. col- 



/e«ei, ca. 120 mm SL and 96.2 mm SL, paratypes, Oligocene of Canton Glarus, Switzerland 96 



46. Charts showing two proportional measurements as percent of standard length that differentiate Acan- 

 thopleurus serratus and A. collettei 97 



47. Marosichthys huismani: lateral view of anterior part of body of holotype, ca. 36 mm head length, Mio- 

 cene of the Celebes 98 



48. Crs'ptobalistes brevis: lateral view of holotype, ca. 88 mm SL, Oligocene of Canton Glarus, Switzer- 

 land 99 



49. Rangeof diversity in body form in the Recent Balistidae: Balistapus undulatus and Odonus niger 101 



50. Balistapus undulatus: external features 102 



Balistapus undulatus, composite based on several specimens, ca. 120-124 mm SL., western Pacific: 



51. lateral view of entire specimen Ill 



52. lateral view of head 112 



53. dorsal and ventral views of skull 112 



54. posterior views ofskuU and orbit; posterior and lateral views of first abdominal vertebra 113 



55. dorsal view of branchial arches; lateral view of hyoid arch and urohyal 114 



56. lateral view of pectoral girdle 114 



57. medial view of upper jaw; lateral view of pelvis and encasing scales at end of pelvis; posterior view of 



end of pelvis 115 



58. lateral view of spiny dorsal fin and its pterygial supports 116 



