59. dorsal view of pterygial supports of spiny dorsal fin; posterior view of first dorsal spine and anterior 



view of second dorsal spine 116 



60. lateral view of caudal fin supporting structures 116 



External features of other representative balistid genera: 



61. Abalistes stellaris 117 



62. Canthidermis maculatus 117 



63. Xanthichthys ringens 117 



64. Odonusniger 118 



65. Fossil balistids: A, Balistomorphus ovalis, lateral view of holotype, 121 mm SL; B, B. ovalis, lateral 

 view of entire specimen, 119 mm SL; C, B. spinosus, lateral view of holotype, ca. 90 mm SL; D, B. orbi- 

 culatus, lateral view of holotype, 65.6 mm SL — specimens A through D from Oligocene of Canton Glarus, 

 Switzerland; E, Oligobalistes robustus, lateral view of syntype, ca. 60 mm SL, Maikop deposits of the 

 Oligocene of the Caucasus 119 



66. Hypothesized phylogenetic relationships ofthe genera of Balistidae 121 



67. Dentition of representative balistids: A, Batistes polylepis, 56.1 mm SL, Galapagos; B, Xanthichthys 

 lineopunctatus, 181 mm SL, Hawaii; C, Odonus niger, 173 mm SL, New Guinea; D, Melichthys niger, 



147 mm SL, locality unknown 121 



68. Scalesjustabovetipof pectoral fin of fia/tstoidesuindescens, 114 mm SL, Indonesia 122 



69. Batistes polylepis, lateral view of entire specimen, 56.1 mm SL, Galapagos 124 



70. Su/Z/amen/renatus, lateral view of entire specimen, 74.3 mm SL, Somalia 125 



71. fl/imecanf/iusrecfangu/us, lateral view of entire specimen, 37.4 mm SL, Phoenix Islands 126 



72. Cant/iidermismacu/atus, lateral view of entire specimen, 80.1 mm SL, Alabama 127 



73. Xant/iic/it/iys/meopunctatus, lateral view of entire specimen, 181 mm SL, Hawaii 128 



74. Lateral views of relatively normal balistid skulls: Batistes capriscus, ca. 360 mm SL, Gulf of Mexico; B. 

 polylepis, ca. 390 mm SL, Mexico 129 



75. Lateral view of most specialized balistid skull and suspensorium, Odonus niger, 173 mm SL, New 

 Guinea 130 



76. Batistes polylepis: ventral and dorsal views of skull, ca. 390 mm SL, Mexico 131 



77. Batistes capriscus: ventral view of skull, ca. 360 mm SL, Gulf of Mexico 132 



78. Range of diversity in body form in the Monacanthidae: A, Monacanthus citiatus; B, Amanses scopas; 



C, Brachatuteres trossulus; D, Psitocephalus barbatus 135 



Monacanthus citiatus: 



79. external features 136 



80. lateral view of entire specimen, 81.3 mm SL, Florida 145 



81. lateral view of head, 81.3 mm SL, Florida 145 



82. dorsal and ventral views of skull, 51.3 mm SL, Colombia 146 



83. posterior views of skull and orbit, 81.3 mm SL, Florida 147 



84. dorsal view of branchial arches; lateral view of hyoid arch and urohyal; 75.7 mm SL, Florida 147 



85. lateral view of pelvis and encasing scales at end of pelvis; detail of the end of pelvis; 81.3 mm SL, 



Florida 148 



External features of other representative monacanthid genera: 



86. Monacanthus chinensis 148 



87. Stephanotepis cirrhifer 149 



88. Chaetoderma spinosissimus 149 



89. Paramonacanthus curtorhynchus 149 



90. Pervagormetanoceplmlus 150 



91. Rudarius ercodes 150 



92. Navodon hypocrepis 150 



93. Eubalichthys spilomelanurus 151 



94. Cantherhines pultus 151 



95. Amanses scopas 151 



96. Alutera monoceros 151 



97. Psitocephalus barbatus 152 



98. Oxymonacanthus longirostris 152 



99. Pseudatuteres nasicornis 152 



100. Paratuteres prionurus 152 



101. Brachatuteres trossulus 153 



102. Step/iano/epw/iispidus, lateral view of entire specimen, 50.4 mm SL, Florida 155 



103. Paramonacant/iuscrypfodon, lateral view of entire specimen, 68.5 mm SL, Thailand 156 



104. C/iaetoderma spinosissimus, lateral view ofentire specimen, 33.0 mm SL, Malaya 157 



