105. Peryagorspi/osomus, lateral view of entire specimen, 80.0 mm SL, Hawaii 158 



106. i?udanusmmuf us, lateral view of entire specimen, 17.9 mm SL, Borneo 159 



107. Amansesscopas, lateral view of entire specimen, 167 mm SL, Japan 160 



108. /lcanf/ra/uferesspi7ome/anurus, lateral view of entire specimen, 63.7 mm SL, Australia 161 



109. A/uiera/ieude/otii, lateral view of entire specimen, 107 mm SL, Florida 162 



110. PsiVocep/ja/us 6ar6atus, lateral view of entire specimen, 137 mm SL, Singapore 162 



111. Brac/ia/uferestrossu/us, lateral view of entire specimen, 55.5 mm SL, Australia 163 



112. Para/uterespnonurus, lateral view of entire specimen, 46.4 mm SL, Seychelles 164 



113. Oivmomicani/ius/ongirostns, lateral view of entire specimen, 34.2 mm SL, Seychelles 165 



114. Pseuda/uteresmjstcornjs, lateral view of entire specimen, 108 mm SL, Philippines 166 



115. Sfep/iano/epis/iispidus, lateral view of head, 50.4 mm SL, Florida 168 



116. ParamonacoMt/iuscrypiodon, lateral view of head, 68.5 mm SL, Thailand 168 



117. Pervagor spilosomus, lateral view of head, 80.0 mm SL, Hawaii 169 



118. Amanses scopas, lateral view of head, 167 mm SL, Saipan 169 



119. A/ufera /leude/ofii, lateral view of head, 107 mm SL, Florida 170 



120. Psilocephalus barbatus, lateral view of head, 137 mm SL, Singapore 170 



121 Brachaluteres trossulus, lateral view of head, 55.5 mm SL, Australia 171 



122. OAfymo/iacant/jus fofigirosfm, lateral view of head, 26.5 mm SL, Seychelles 171 



123. Pseudaluteres nasicornis, lateral view of head, 108 mm SL, Philippines 172 



124. Dorsal views of skulls of: A, Pseudaluteres nasicornis. 108 mm SL, Philippines, highly specialized; B, 

 Paraluteres prionurus, 46.4 mm SL, Seychelles, moderately specialized; C, Chaetoderma spinosissimus, 



33.0 mm SL, Malaya, relatively generalized 174 



125. A, Paraluteres prionrus, ventral view of skull, 46.4 mm SL, Seychelles; B, Pervagor spilosomus, ventral 

 view of skull, ca. 65 mm SL, Hawaii; C, Psilocephalus barbatus, dorsal and ventral views of skull, 137 



mm SL, Singapore 175 



126. Dorsal view of branchial arches and lateral view of hyoid arch and urohyal of: Alutera heudelotii, 114 



mm SL, Florida, and Psilocephalus barbatus, 139 mm SL, Singapore 176 



127. Medial views of upper and lower jaws of: A, Alutera heudelotii, 114 mm SL, Florida; B, Monacanthus 

 ciliatus, 51.3 mm SL, Colombia; C, Psilocephalus barbatus, 137 mm SL, Singapore; D, Amanses scopas, 



167 mm SL, Saipan;E, Acanthaluteres spilomelanurus, 63.1 mmSL, Australia 177 



128. Hypothesized phylogenetic relationships of the genera of Monacanthidae 178 



129. Typical body form in the Recent Aracanidae: Aracana aurita 185 



Range of diversity in body form and external features of representative aracanid genera: 



130. Strophiurichthys inermis and S. robustus 186 



131. Aracana aurita 187 



132. Anoplocapros amygdaloides 187 



133. Capropygia unistriata 187 



134. Caprichthys gymnura 187 



Kentrocapros aculeatus: 



135. lateral view of entire specimen, 90.0 mm SL, Japan 196 



136. lateral view of head, 90.0 mm SL, Japan 197 



137. dorsal and ventral views of skull, 90.7 mm SL, Japan 197 



138. posterior views of skull and orbit, 90.7 mm SL, Japan 198 



139. dorsal view of branchial arches, lateral view of hyoid arch and urohyal, 90.7 mm SL, Japan 199 



140. Strop/iiunc/jf/j.vs ro6usf us, lateral view of entire specimen, 150 mm SL, Australia 200 



141. Aracana aunta, lateral view of entire specimen, 87.3 mm SL, Tasmania 201 



142. Aracana omafa, lateral view of entire specimen, 70.5 mm SL, Australia 202 



143. Lateral views of heads of typical aracanids: Strophiurichthys robustus, 150 mm SL, Australia, and 

 Aracana aurita, 87.3 mm SL, Tasmania 203 



144. Ventral views of the two types of configuration of the ventral surface of the vertically expanded anterior 

 portion of the parasphenoid: A, Caprichthys gymnura, 74.1 mm SL, Australia; B, AracarM aurita, 87.3 



mm SL, Tasmania 203 



145. Proaracana dubia: lateral view of entire specimen; composite based on three specimens, including the 

 holotype, 31.4-54.5 mm SL, all specimens from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy 204 



146. Hypothesized phylogenetic relationships ofthe genera of Aracanidae 205 



147. Typical body form in the Recent Ostraciidae: Ostracion lentiginosum 210 



148. Acant/iostracionQuadricomis: external features 211 



Acanthostracion quadricornis, composite based on several specimens, 58.2-350 mm SL, Gulf of Mexico 



and Caribbean: 



149. lateral view of entire specimen 221 



