Fire Ceremony of Central Australian Tribes. 19 



Man. Woman. Children are 



Panunga marries Purula - - Bultharra. 



Bultharra ,, Kumarra - Panunga. 



Purula ,, Panunga - - Kumarra. 



Ivumarra ,, Bultharra - Purula. 



In other words a man must marry a woman belonging to the 

 moiety of the tribe to which he does not belong, and his children 

 belong to his own moiety, but to the other division of it. 



As we have said, this is the arrangement in mere outline, 

 pi'actically conditions are more complicated. For example, not all 

 Panunga women are eligible as wives to each and every Panunga 

 man. To a Panunga man the Purula women are divided into 

 two groups (and vice versa if we speak of a Panunga woman), 

 which are called respectively Ipmunna and Unawa, and it is only 

 the latter who are eligible to him as wives, and who are called 

 his tribal unawas, or wives, though he only actually marries a 

 limited number. In this way it will be seen that each sub- 

 phratry is subdivided into two groups, so that as a matter of 

 fact we actually get eight and not four divisions, and each one of 

 these eight has in the northern part of the tribe a distinct name, 

 four others, viz., Uknaria, Appungerta, Ungalla and Umbitchana 

 being added to those already mentioned. The original Panunga 

 is now divided into Panunga and Uknarria, the Bulthan-a into 

 Bultharra and Appungerta, the Purula into Purula and Ungalla, 

 and the Kumarra into Kumarra and Umbitchana. With this 

 further division, while matters are, to a certain extent, compli- 

 cated, yet in other ways they are simplified. In the southern 

 part of the tribe all the women belonging to the division, into 

 which say a Panunga man must marry, are called Purula ; in the 

 northern half of the tribe, half of the original Purula retain the 

 old name, the other half have acquired^ a new name, viz., Ungalla. 

 In the same way the Panunga has been divided into Panunga 

 and Uknarria. A Panunga must now marry a Purula (that is, a 

 woman belonging to only one-half of the original group of the 

 same name) and an Uknarria marries an Ungalla. 



1 This di\ision into eight has been gradually adopted from the Ilparra tribe, which 

 inhabits the district immediately to the north of the Arunta. At the present time the 

 di\ ision into eight is slowly spreading southwards through the Arunta. 



