88 



OUTLINES OF ENTOMOLOGY. 



The Span-worm 

 moths (Geomet- 

 RiD^) are mostly 

 of pale, delicate 

 colors, with slen- 

 der bodieSjbroad 

 thin wings, which 

 in repose are 

 spread out at 

 right angles from 

 the body, and by 

 the usuallyslight- 

 ly or broadly 

 feathered anten- 

 nse. In this fam- 

 ily the females 

 are sometimes 

 wingless. The 

 larvse are called 



MeaSurin g Lime-tree Winter moth (Hijbernia tifiaria, Har.) after Riley. On left above 

 ,, ,,^ is the broad-winged male, while the spider-like creature below is the 



worms or fepan female, which never acquires wings; on right, caterpillars. 



worms" from their looping mode of crawling. This is necessitated by 

 the lack of two or three pairs of the abdominal pro-legs, so that in 

 crawling the hinder end of the body is brought up close to the head 

 at every onward motion. These worms are generally long, slender and 

 cylindrical. Some have bud-like or scale-like humps on the body, so 

 that when the latter is at rest and held out from a branch in an oblique 

 direction, it simulates a twig so closely as to escape recognition. In 

 preparing for transformation, these larvaB either enter the ground or 

 enclose themselves in thin cocoons in some concealed spot. Among 

 the pernicious species we find the Apple and Elm tree Canker worms 

 fAnisopieryx vernata., Har., and A. autumnalis, Pack.), and the Lime 

 tree Winter moth (Hyhernia Uliari^flaT.) See Fig. 37. 



The Snout moths (Pyralidce) are much like many of the Geometers 

 in general appearance, but may usually be distinguished from them by 

 their smaller size and the long, slender palpi, which are held close to- 

 gether and project in front of the head like a beak. Some of the 

 larvsB are leaf-rollers ; others feed on meal or in clover hay, while others 

 are true "grass worms" and do much damage to meadows and pastures. 



The true leaf-rollers (Tortricidoe) are a family of small moths, many 

 of which are richly and beautifully colored. They are characterized 

 by the oblong form of the upper win^s, which, in repose, are folded 



