6. STERNA. 103 



Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 207 (1884 : Java) ; 



jff. 0. Forbes, op. cit. 1884, p. 434 (Timor Laut) ; W. Blasim, 



Braimschw. Anz. 1888, p. 96; id. Ornis, 1888, p. 634 (Gt. San- 



ghir I.) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 419 (1889 : 



Sumatra) ; Salvad. ^- Gigl. Mem. Aec. Tor. xxxix. p. 104 (1889 : 



Somali Coast) ; Salvad. Ayr/iimte Orn. Papuasia ^-c. pt. iii. p. 212 



(1891) ; Wiglesio. Abh. k. Mus. Dresdeyi, 1890-91, no. vi. p. 76 



(1892: Polynesia). 

 Sterna infuscata, Heitgl. Ibis, 18o9, p. 3ol {nee Licht.) ; id. in 



Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 32 (Red Sea), 

 Ilaliplana panaya, Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 381 ; Coues, t. c. p. 391 



(Brit. Honduras). 

 Ilaliplana discolor, Coues, Ibis, 1864, p. 392 (Brit. Honduras) ; 



Lmvr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 104 (1864 : Sombrero I.) ; Elliot, 



New S,- Unpj. B. N. Amer. ii. pi. 57 (1869). 

 Sterna nubilosa, Sundev. {nee Sparrm.) K. Vet.-Akad, Stockh. Fork. 



1869, p. 589 (St. Bartholomew, W. Ind.). 

 Sterna panayana, Swink. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 603 (Hakodadi, Japan )t, 

 Hydrochelidon anosthffitus, Grai/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 122, no. 11080 



\1871). 

 Ilaliplana ansestheta, Simnn. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 422 ; David ^- Oustal. 



Ois. Chine, p. 528 (1877); Heine Sf Peichenozo, Nomencl. Mus. 



Hein. p. 356 (1890). 

 Onychoprion panayensis, Scl. 8f Salv. P, Z. S. 1871 , p. 572 ; iid. 



Nomencl. Ai\ Neotrop. p. 147 (1873) ; Zeledon, Cat. Aves Costa 



Pica, p. 36 (1882). 

 Ilydroclielidon infuscata, Hengl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 1512 & p. ccvi 



(nee p. 1457, which is S.fulir/inosa) (1873). 

 Hydrochelidon anctsthetus, Heuf/l. Orn. N. O.-Afr. p. 1453 (1873) : 



Rochebr. Faun. Seneq., Ois. p.338 (1884). 

 Sterna (Ilaliplana) anrestheta, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 701 (1874). 

 Sterna ansesthetica, Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 124 (1882) ; id. 



Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 769 (1884), 



Adult in hreeding-plumage. Head as in the preceding species ; 

 loral stripe black ; upper forehead, crown, and nape black ; 

 shoulders slate-grey, passing into dark gre3-ish brown on the 

 mantle : no visible white on the secondaries ; primaries umber- 

 brown, shafts black, the " wedges " on the inner webs very narrow 

 and not sharply defined ; rump and principal tail-feathers greyish 

 brown like the mantle, but the streamers white on the outer and 

 the upper portions of the inner webs, and the next pair of rectrices 

 whitish at their bases ; abdomen and breast grejdsh white ; under 

 wing-covcrts and throat pure white : bill, tarsi, and toes black, the 

 inner webs of the latter considerably excised. Total length 

 14-15 inches, culmen 1-8, wing about 10-3, tail 7-5, depth of 

 fork 4, tarsus 0-8, middle toe with claw 1-2. The sexes are alike 

 in plumage. 



Adidt in winter pluinaf/e. Similar to the above, but the lores and 

 crown mottled with white for a short time. 



Immature. Generally similar, but with more white on the head 

 whitish tips to the feathers of the back, which, when fresh, are 

 somewhat grey : a dark line along the upper wing-coverts, and less 

 white on the outCx rectrices. Full plumage is not attained until 

 the bird is at least two years old. 



