15. LARUS. 175 



(1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 62 (1838); id. 



Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 78 (1842). 

 Xema minuivi, Brehm, Ornis, lift. 2, p. 137 (1826; Elbe, Nov. 1824) ; 



Grat/, List B. Brit. Mm., Anseres, p. 173 (1844). 

 Larus d'orbignyi, Audouin, Hist. Nat. de tEcjypte, pi. 9. fig. 3 



(1825); id. Expl. Planch. Ois. Egypte, 2"'« ed. p. 341 (1828); 



Lesson, Hist. Nat. Mamm. et Ois. ix. p. 516 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. 



B. iii. p. 654 (1846). 

 HydrocolcBus minutus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 113 & p. 196 (1829 : 



type of genus) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. 



Alger., Ois. ii. p. 194 (1867) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 66 (1873) ; 



Oliihe-Gall. Orn. de PEur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 104 (1886) ; Salvad. 



Ucc. Ital. p. 284 (1887) ; Heine ^ Beichenow, Nomencl. Mm, Hein. 



p. 359 (1890). 

 Larus nigrotis, Lesson, Traits, p. 618 (1831) ; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Zool. 



1850;p. 15 ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846). 

 Xema minutum, Brehm, Vog. Deuischl. p. 763 (1831) ; Bp. Icon. 



Faun. Ital, Ucc. i. tav. 46. f. 2 (1840) ; Jaxib. et B.-Lapomm. Rich. 



Orn. France, p. 397 (1859) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 466, tab. 54. 



figs. 2-3 (1870) ; Homey er, Ornis, 1885, p. 81 ; Torre ^ Tsch. t. c. 



p. 561 (Dahnatia) ; Hartert, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 80 



(E. Eussia, has bred near Danzig) ; Riesenth. Wasservog. Mittel- 



europ. p. 138 (1889) ; Keller, Orn. Carinthice, p. 303 (1890) ; 



Brusina, Orn. Croatica, p. 92 (1889) ; Fatio Sf Studer, Cat. Ois. 



Suisse, pp. 62-63 (1892). 

 Chroicocepbalus minutus, Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 54 (1836) ; Reichenb. 



Av. Syst. Nat., Longip. p. y (1852) ; Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 105 ; 



Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854); Brehm, Namn. 1855, p. 295; 



id. Vogelf. p. 343 (1855) ;' Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 124 (1864) ; 



Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 399 (S. Spain) ; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. 



France, 1876, p. 264 (E. Siberia); Gic/lioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 218 



(Italy) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 483 (1884) ; Tacz. Ornis, 1888, 



PL 508 (Poland) ; id. Mhn. Ac. St. Fetersb. xxxLx. p. 1043 (1893 : 



E. Siberia). 

 Gavia minuta, Macgill. Man. Br. Orn. pt. ii. p. 242 (1842) ; id. Br 



B. V. p. 613 (1852) ; Blasius, J. f. O. 1865, p. 371 (critical) ; 



Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873 : up to 1000 ft.). 

 Lams pygmaeus. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846). 

 Cbroocephalus minutus, Salvad. Faun. Ital., tfcc. p. 289 (1872) ; 



Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 422 (1886) ; id. i. Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 638 



(1889) ; id. ii. Resoc. p. 648 (1890) ; id. iii. Resoc. p. 509 



(1891). 



Adult in breedinr/-2)lumage. Head and upper neck deep black • 

 lower neck, tail, and under surface white, with a pink tinge on the 

 breast and abdomen ; mantle pale grey ; quiUs grey, very broadly 

 edged with white and darkening to smoke-colour towards the 

 margins of their inner webs; undersides of quiUs nearly black, 

 except at the tips ; under wing-coverts dark smoke-grey ; bill deep 

 lake-red (reddish brown in preserved skins) ; tarsi and toes vermilion 

 (drying orange-red). Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 8-75, 

 tail 3-75, tarsus ll, middle toe with claw 1-2. The sexes aro alike 

 externally. 



Adidt in winter. Similar; but forehead white; crown, nape, and 

 orbital region merely greyish : the grey soon approaching black in 

 vigorous birds. 



