ir>. i.Mus. \bi 



(ISS!)) ; llcichvu. 'Si/st. r<'/-^. Vdf/. Beutschl. p. U.'J (l8Si)) ; Jdckel ^■ 



lilitmis, Viiij. Bay cms, p. 356 (l8Ltl: Bodensee) ; JIartert, Kat. 



Voi/ehamml. Senckenb. p. 241 (18ltl) ; Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. 



Clid), no. xix. p. xlvii (1894: jiiv. ; Iliiugar}') ; Irhij, Orn. Sirs. 



Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 21)7 (18'.)5). 

 Larus atricilla, Natl. Isis, 1818, ]). 817 ; Tcnun. Man. d'Orn. ed. 2, 



p. 779 (1820: young); Jem/m, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 274 (1835: 



young; e.v femm.): Miihlc, Orn. Griuchenl. p. 141 (1844: 



vouug) ; Linderm. Voc/. Griechenl. p. 175 (1860: young) ; Saunders, 



'Ibis, 1869, p. 396 (Sicily: young). 

 Xoma nielanocephalu.s, Boie, ^Isis, 1822, p. 563. 

 Larus plumbiceps (partim), Meyer, Tasvlienh. iii. p. 202 (1822). 

 Adriatic Gull and Italian ijwW, Lathnm, Gen. Hist. x. p. 144 (1824). 

 IlydrocoltBus plumbiceps, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 113 and p. 196 



(1829). 

 Xema melanocephalon, Brelim, T'iiy. DeutscJil. p. 757 (1831). 

 Xenia canicep.^^, Brehm, Voy. Deutschl. p. 758 (1831 : Adriatic, 



imm.). 

 Xema nielanocepliala, Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 427 (1837) ; Graij, List 



B. Brit. Mas., Anseres, p. 172 (1844: Athens). 

 Xema melanocephalum, Bp. C'omp. List, p. 62 (1838) ; id. Icon. 



Faun. Hal., Ucc. i. tav. 45. tig. b (1840) ; id. Cat Ucc. Eur. p. 78 



(1842) ; Jaul. el B.-LajMmm. lUrh. Orn. Fr. p. 395 (1859) ; Fritsch, 



Voy. Eur. p. 469, pi. 57. figs. 2. 3 ( 1S70| ; Torre | Tse/iusi, Ornis, 



1885, p. 56! (Adriatic) ; Riesenthal, Jl'asseroor/. Mitteleurup. p. 138 



(1889) ; Keller, Orn. Carinthice, p. 303 (1890). 

 Xema plumiceps [sic], Bp. Comp. List, p. 62 (1838). 

 Larus michaliellii, 3Iilkle, Orn. Griechenl. pp. 138-9 (1844). 

 Larus leucophthalmus, Milhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 145 (1844). 

 Cbroicocephalus melanoeeplialus, Bruch, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 104 ; id. op. 



cit. 1855, p. 289; Licht. Nomend. Ao. p'. 98 (1854); Salmd. Ucc. 



Sard. p. 124 (1864); Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 72 (Alexandria); 



Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 18 (Tor, Red Sea, identified with a binocular); 



Samiders, Ibis, 1871, p. 399 (S. Spain); Giglioli, op. cit. 18S1, 



p. 218 (Italy) ; id. Amf. Ital. p. 423 (1886) ; id. op. cit. i. Resoc. 



p. 639 (1889') ; id. op. cit. ii. Resoc. p. 647 (1890) ; id. op. cit. iii. 



Resoc. p. 509 (1891). 

 Melagavia melanocephalus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 213. 

 Chroicocephalus caniceps, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294 (Adriatic). 

 Gavia melanocephala, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; Blnsius, J. f. O. 



1865, p. 371 (revision) ; Loche, E.ipl. Sci. Alyer., Ois. ii. p. 191 



(1867). 

 Gavia affinis, Nardo, Jtti 1st. Ven. (ser. 3) iv. p. 1056 (1859). 

 Chroonephalus melanocephalus, Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 288 



(1872); Martorelli, Ucc. Sardeyna, p. 52 (1884). 

 IlydrocoliBus melanocephalus, Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 283 (1887) ; 



Brusina, Orn. Croafica, p. 92 (1889). 

 Melagavia melanocephala, Olphe-G'all. Confr. Orn. Em: occid. 



fasc. x. p. 94 (1886). 

 Melanolarus melanocephalus, Heine S,- Reichenow, Nonte7icl. 3Ius. 



Ilein. p. 359 (1890). 



Adult in hreedinci-phimage. Head jet-black, with a small white 

 crescentic patch above the eye and another below ; neck, tail, 

 and under surface white ; mantle pcarl-giey ; primaries pure white 

 on their terminal portions and tinged with delicate pearl-grey above, 

 chiefly along the outer webs; the narrow outer web uf the first 



