15. LAKus. 255 



/'. iv. p. rj02]) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 8.30 (1864 : Jaulna, Deccan) ; 

 Filippi, Via;///. I'ers. p. .'{52 (ISOo: Caspian); Blyth, Ibw, 1867, 

 p. 176 & p. ul4 ; Blanfwd, East. Pers. ii. p. 200 (1876 : Baluch- 

 istan). 

 Larus cachinnans, Licht. {nee Pull.) Kmtiencl. Av. p. 99 (1854: Ara- 

 bia)*; Meves,CEfv. K. 1 etimsk.-Ak. Fork. 1871, p. 786 ((Jholniogony, 

 Dvvina); Ileu</1. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. p. 1392 (1873, partini : 

 [as regards Somali coast]) ; Meves Sf Homeyer, Ornts, 1886, p. 275 

 (Lower Dwina). 



Larus affinis, Reinhardt, Vidensk. Meddel. 1853, p. 78 ; id. Ibis, 

 1861, p. 17 (S. Greenland: type in Copenliagen Mus.); Seebuhm 

 ^- H-Broum, Ibis, 1876, p. 452 (Lower Petchora) ; Saimders, 

 P. Z. S. 1878, p. 171 (revision Larina?) ; id. Journ. Linn. Sue. xiv. 

 p. 397 (1878 : distribution) ; Giitke, Ibk, 1878, p. 489 (Heligoland) ; 

 Fimch, T'erh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 268 (West Siberia) ; id. 

 Ibis, 1879, p. Ill (part.) ; Scebohm, t. c. p. 116 (Yenesei, breeding) ; 

 Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 115 (1879 : List) ; J'idal, o/). cit. ix. p. 94 

 (S. Konkan, Malabar) ; Bulhr, t. c. p. 439 (Deccan coast) ; 

 Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 417 (1880) ; Set. S^ Hartl. P. Z. S. 1881, 

 p. 174 (Socotra I.) ; liidt/w. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 

 (1881 : Greenl.) ; Olphe-Gall. Ibis, 1885, p. 236 (Hendaye, S.W. 

 France); id. Orn. Eur. Oceid. fasc. x. p. 66 (1886) ; A. O. U. 

 Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 89 (1886 : Greenland) ; Ridi/w. Man. N. 

 Amer. B. p. 29 (1887) : Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. 

 p. .56 (1888: Turkestan). 



Dominicanus cachinnans, Bruch, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 100. 



Larus rufescens, ^p. Naum. 18.54, p. 211 ("lied Sea"; cf. Consj). 

 Av. ii. p. 221) ; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 420 (Kattiawar). 



Laroides cachinnans, Bruch, J. f. O. 185.5, p. 282. 



Clupeilarus fuscescens, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 221 (1857: Red Sea). 



Clupeilarus cachinnans, Bj). Consp. Av. ii. p. 221 (1857 : [chiefly]). 



Larus leucophieus, Heuyl. Ibis, 18.59, p. 349 (Somali coast & Gulf 

 of Aden) ; id. in Pettrm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (lied Sea). 



Larus, sp. ?, Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 65 (Novaya Zemlia and Waigats). 



Larus occidentalis, Hume, nee Audub. Str. F. 1873, p. 273 (N.W. 

 coast India) ; id. op. cit. 1876, p. 414 (Bombay). 



Larus marinus, Alston ^- H-Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 52 (Lower Dwina : 

 ad. & nestling in B. M. Coll.). 



Larus borealis, Seebohm (Henke), Ibis, 1882, p. 386 (Solovestsk, 

 breeding). 



Adult male in breeding- phimacie. Similar to the preceding species, 

 but decidedly larger ; the mantle slate-colour and always a shade 

 lighter than in the palest L. fascus ; the pattern of the primaries 

 similar, but the slate-grey purer and the " wedges '' more sharply 

 contrasted ; a mirror on the 2nd quill in fully mature birds, though 

 these appear to be rare : bill yellow, with a red spot at the angle 

 of the genys ; tarsi and toes yellow. Total length 24 inches, 

 culmen 2-9, wing 18, tail 7*5, tarsus 2-75, middle toe with 

 claw 2-5. 



The female is smaller and less robust. 



Adult in winter. Like the above, but flecked with brown about 

 the head and neck, even in those mature birds which exhibit a 

 mirror on the 2nd primary : bill with a greenish tinge. 



* Siieciuiens iu Berlin Museum cxamiucd. 



