280 lakidj:. 



1874, p. 165 (Ilakodadi) ; id. op. cit. 1875, p. 138 (Chefoo) ; 



Severtz. J. f. O. 1875, p. 185, no. 382 (Aral to Tianslian) ; Tacz. 



Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 263 (E. Siberia) ; Prjev. in Rowlei/'s 



Orn. Misc. iii. p. 108 (1878) ; David 8f Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 518 



(1878) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1883, p. 341 (Kamtschatka) ; 



Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 422 (Black Sea). 

 Laroides procellosus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994 ; id. Vog. Deutschl. 



p. 750 (1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294. 

 Laroides canus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994 ; id. Toy. Deutschl. p. 752 



(1831) ; id. Ncmm. 1855, p. 294. 

 Laroides canescens, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994 ; id. Vog. Deutschl. 



p. 753 (1831) : id. Naum. 1855, p. 294. 

 Larus canus, var. major, Middend. Beis. Sibir., Zool, p. 243, pi. xxiv. 



fig. 4 (1853). 

 Glauciis canus, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 102. 

 Glauciis lacrymosus, Bruch {nee Licht.), J.f. O. 1853, p. 102. 

 Larus heinei, Homeger, Naum. 185-3, p. 129. 

 Gavina kamtchatchensis, Bp. Namn. 1854, p. 212. 

 Gavina canus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212 ; Bruch, J.f. O. 1855, p. 284. 

 Gavina kaintschatscheusis, Bp. Bev. et Mag. Zool. (2) vii. p. 16 



(1855). 

 Laroides lacrimosus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294. 

 Gavina heinei, Bruch, J.f. O. 1855, p. 283. 

 ? Rissa nivea, Bp. Cat. Parzudaki, p. 11 (1855). 

 Larus canus a. farroensis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 223 (1857). 

 Larus canus b. islandicus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 223 (1857). 

 Larus camtschatkensis, Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; cf. Bev. et 



Mag. Zool. 1857, p. 58. 

 Xema canum, Jaub. et B.-La2)om7n. Bich. Orn. Midi Fr. p. 393 (1859). 

 Larus delawarensis. Cones, Fr. Philad. Acad. 1861, p. 246 (Labrador) ; 



Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 177 (as regards Hakodadi, juv.). 

 Larus canus major, Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 26 (1863). 

 Larus suckleyi, Schleg. {nee Lawr.) Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p.' 27 (1803 : 



Japan). 

 Larus audouini, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 455 ; id. Ibis, 1868, 

 p. 330 (Palestine) ; A. B. Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 34 (Savona: cf. 

 Giglioli, op. cit. 1881, p. 218). 

 Larus (Gavina) canus, Droste, Vogelw. Borhum, p. 344 (1869). 

 Gavia cana, Menzbier, Bidl. Mosc. Iviii. no. 1, p. 136 (1883 : Oka). 

 Larus kamtschatchensis, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 73 



(1885) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 123 (Bering I.). 

 Larus canus niveus. Tacz. Mem. Acad. Petersb.xsjax. p. 1034 (1893: 

 E. Siberia). 



Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and entire 

 underparts white ; mantle bluish grej' (decidedly darker than in 

 typical L. argentatus in birds from North-western Europe, and slate- 

 grey^ — as in L. calif or uicvs^in birds from Archangel eastward, 

 with a perfect gradation of tint) ; secondaries broadly tipped with 

 "white ; outermost primary black, paler at the base, with a white 

 subterminal mirror about 2 in. long : 2nd black, with a grey basal 

 wedge and smaller white mirror ; 3rd black, Avith grey basally on both 

 webs, and exceptionally a small subterminal white spot ; 4th, 5th, and 

 6th quills chiefly grey, with black bars — which decrease ascendingly 

 — and broad white tips : 7th quill grey with a white tip, and with 

 a small dark spot on the outer web in all but very mature birds ; 

 the remaining quills Avhite terminally and grey basally. Eastern 



