304 LkVilVM. 



Pagophila nivea, Bj). (nee L. niveus, Pall.) C. E. xlii. p. 771 (1850) ; 

 £p. Consp. Av. ii. p. 230 (1857). 



Lams (Pagophila) eburnea, Coues, B. N.- West, p. 648 (1874). 



Gavia alba, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Miis. v. p. 39 (1882) ; A. 0. U. 

 Check-l. N. Arner. B. p. 86 (1886); Bidffw. Man. N. Amer. B. 

 p. 24 (1887) ; Nelson, Rep. Birds Alaska, p. 49 (1887) ; Greely, 

 Rep. Exped. Lady Frankl. Bay, ii. p. 22 (1888) ; Chamberl. Auk, 

 1889, p. 213 (S. Greenld.) ; Reichenmv, Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. 

 p. 62 (1889) ; Heine S,- Reichenoiv, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 360 

 (1890); HayerujJ, B. Greenld. p. 46 (1891); Stone, Pr. Philad. 

 Acad. 1892, p. 148 (Melville Bay); Taczan. Mem. Acad. St. 

 Petersh. xxxix. p. 1055 (1893 : E. Siberia, down to Petropaulovski). 



Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Entire body ivory-white : bill 

 gamboge-yeUow terminally, merging into greenish grey on the basal 

 two-thirds of both mandibles ; iris dark hair-brown ; orbital ring 

 bi'ick-red (Feilden) ; tarsi and toes black. Total length 18 inches, 

 culmen V7, wing 13 to 13"5, tail 6, tarsus 1-5 to 1-6, middle toe 

 with claw 1'6, the nail being long and well developed. 



Female. Similar, but rather smaller, and — so far as can be judged 

 from a small number of " sexed " specimens — with a tendency to 

 shortness of tarsus. 



Young. Dark grey on the cheeks and chin, with spots of the 

 same colour on the upper surface, especially on the wings ; primaries 

 tipped with blackish, and rectrices with a dull black subterminal 

 band ; the rest of the plumage white : bill horn-colour, paler ter- 

 minally. The spots diminish with increasing age. 



Nestling. White. The Fledging is said to be of a dull or smoke- 

 grey colour. 



Hah. Circumpolar regions, without any break of continuity ; 

 but along those portions of the coast of Arctic America, where open 

 water is non-existent, the bird is, naturally, scarce ; rare also in the 

 North Pacific. In winter southwards, as far as the north of 

 France and Lake Leraan (once), and New Brunswick, in America. 



a. Jiiv. sk. Yorkshire. 



b. Ad. St. Penzance, Feb. 15,1847 (Fjw(/oe). Purchased. 



c. $ ad. sk. Sandoe, Fferoes, Feb. 12 (S. H. Saunders Coll. 



C. Muller). 



d. Juv.sk. Archangel (if ««A;e). R. B. Sharpe [P.]. 



e. Ad. sk. ;/,^. Arctic Regions. Purchased. 

 Juv. St. 



h. Ad. sk. Arctic Seas. The Admiralty [P.]. 



i. Ad. sk. Arctic Seas. 



k. (S ad. sk. Storfjord, Spitsbergen, Aug. Gould Coll. 



1864 {A. Newton). 



I. Ad. sk. Spitsbergen (J. Lamont). H. Saunders Coll. 



m. Ad. sk. Lat. 79^= '45' N., long. 4° E. Capt. U. Gray [P.]. 



n. Ad. sk. Greenland. Sir E. Parry [P.]. 



o, p. Juv. sk. Greenland. Tweeddale Coll. 



q, r. (S juv. sk. Greenland. Hume Coll. 



s. Juv. sk. Greenland (E. Whymper). H. Saunders Coll. 



t. Imm. sk. Whaletish or Kron Prinz Is., The Admiralty [P.]. 



Davis Strait [Parry's 3rd 



Voyage). 



