TT7BINARE8. 341 



In Dr. Fiirbringer's classification (' Untersuch. zurMorph. und Syst. 

 ■der Ycigel,' ii. p. 15S8 [18S8J) the Procellariiformos (= Tubinares) 

 follow the Oiconiiformes (Phocnicopteri, Pelargo-herodii, Accipitres, 

 Steganopodes), and the Impennes, followed by the Charadriiformes 

 (Laridie, etc.), come next in succession. 



Mr. Seebohm ('Classification of Birds,' p. 34 [1890]) defines 

 the Tubinares as follows : — 



" External nostrils produced into tubes. Nasals holorbiual. Dorsal 

 Yertebrre beterocoelous. Hallux absent or reduced to one phalanx, the 

 other toes directed forwards. Young fed by the parents for some time 

 in the nest. Spinal feather-tract well defined on the neck. Oil-ffland 

 tufted." 



He places the Order between his Galliformes and Impennes, not 

 far from the Gulls, but some way from the Steganopodes and 

 Herodiones. 



The Procellariiformes (=Tubinares) in Dr. Sharpe's arrangement 

 (' Review of Recent Attempts to Classify Birds,' p. 71 [1891]) are 

 placed between the Sphenisciformes and Alciformes near the Lari- 

 formes, but far from the Pelargiformes and Pelecaniformes. The 

 characters he gives are those of Mr. Seebohm. 



Dr. Gadow (P. Z. S. 1892, pp. 239, 240), in his comprehensive 

 paper on the Classification of Birds, places his Procellariiformes 

 ( = Tubinares) between his Sphenisciformes and Ardeiformes, the 

 latter a group including Steganopodes, Herodii, and Pelargi. He 

 thus agrees with Forbes as to the position of the Petrels as regards 

 their neighbours on one side. He defines the Procellariiformes as — 



"Cosmopolitan. Marine. Xidicolous. Zoophagous. Nestlings do^Tiv; 

 downs com])lex. Oil-gland tufted. Aquiuto-cubital. Neck with lateral 

 apteria. Schizognathous. Rhamphotheca compound. Large supraorbital 

 glands. Nares impervious, tubular. Hallux small or rudimentary. 

 Front toes webbed. Hypotarsus complex, or with several g^rooves. 

 Coraco-humeral groove shallow. Ectepicondylar process large. Tracheo- 

 bronchial muscles attached to 7th or 5th bronchial rings. Tongue mostly 

 rudimentai'v." 



The Charadriiformes, including the Gavia?, he places far from the 

 Petrels, and next the Columbiformes on the one side and the 

 Oruiformes on the other. 



Fossil remains of Tubinares have been discovered in several parts 

 of the world, but mostly in superficial deposits. Diomedea anr/Iica, 

 LTiowever, is known from the Red Crag (Upper Pliocene) of Norfolk. 

 [See Lydekker, Cat. Fossil Birds in Brit. Mus. p. 189. 



The external structure of the bill is very characteristic of the 

 jOrder, so much so that a Petrel can at once be recognized by this 

 feature. Dr. Coues describes the bill (Key to N. Am. Birds, revised 

 ^edition, p. 773) as epignathous, its covering discontinuous, consisting 

 of several horny pieces separated by deep grooves. 



In size the members of the Order range from that of a large 

 Swallow (Ilintndo) to an Albatros, whicli has the widest stretch of 

 wing of any existing bird. 



