98 CHAKADRIID^. 



from the white loral patch by a narrow line of black, which unites 

 the frontal band to a square black patch beneath the eye, which is 

 also joined to a malar line of black, which is connected with the 

 sides of the neck and with the fore-neck and sides of breast, all 

 these parts being black, but nearly divided by a semi-lunar band of 

 white, which reaches from the sides of the neck almost to the breast ; 

 throat white, as also the rest of the under surface of body from the 

 centre of the chest downwards ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 

 also pure white ; quills below ashy whitish along the inner web : 

 " bill black ; feet deep orange-red, claws black ; iris hazel " (J. J. 

 Audubon). Total length 8 inches, culmen 09, wing 6-2, tail 2'3, 

 tarsus 095, middle toe and claw 1*1. 



Adult female in breeding-plumage. Much duller than the male, 

 and having the same pattern of black and white about the face, but 

 never developing the same amount of chestnut about the back, the 

 head and hind neck being brown, mottled with blackish centres to 

 the feathers. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 6 - 3, 

 tail 2'45, tarsus 0-95, middle toe and claw 1. 



Young. General colour above dusky brown, all the feathers 

 edged with sandy buff or rufous ; wings and tail as in the adult ; 

 crown of head dark brown, streaked with sandy buff, the margins 

 of the feathers being of this colour ; tail-feathers white, with a 

 broad sub-terminal band of black, decreasing in extent towards the 

 outermost feathers, all the feathers tipped with sandy buff ; throat 

 and under surface of body white ; the lower throat, fore-neck, sides 

 of neck, and sides of breast mottled with dusky blackish centres to 

 the feathers, marking the black pattern of the adults, even the 

 semi-lunar neck-band of the adults being indicated by a broad 

 crescentic band of sandy buff in the young. 



Winter plumage of the adidt. Above nearly uniform dusky brown, 

 but not showing the tawny-rufous margins to the feathers of the 

 upper surface, the edges being ashy brown. The head is uniform 

 brown like the back ; the hind-neck and sides of neck are ashy, 

 mottled with dusky centres to the feathers ; sides of face brown, 

 with more or less white on the ear-coverts ; the black markings on 

 the cheeks and throat as in the breeding bird, but the white semi- 

 lunar band on the sides of the neck replaced by a patch of light 

 brown. 



The difference between the whiter plumage of tlie adult and the 

 first full plumage of the young birds consists in tho sandy-buff 

 margins to the feathers of the upper surface, which are very 

 distinct in the latter at first. Afterwards they become abraded, 

 and then there is scarcely any distinguishing mark between the 

 winter plumages of the adult and young. In the spring the red 

 plumage is very rapidly acquired, and I believe that it is gained 

 quite as much by the change in the pattern of the feather as by a 

 direct moult. 



Hab. IN early the whole of the world. 



