158 CHARADRIIDJE. 



p. 324 (Palestine, breeding) ; Wright, Ibis, 1869, p. 246 (Malta, 



Oct.) ; Blanf. Geol. $ Zool. Abyss, p. 431 (1870 : Lake Askangi ; 



Ailat) ; Finsch, Trans. Zool. Son. vii. p. 295 (1870 : R. Araba) ; 



Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 12, no. 9969 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, 



p. 232 (1872) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1004 (1873), 



App. p. clxxx, pi. xli. fig. 10 (Egypt; Nubia ; Atbara R ; Lower 



White and Blue Nile ; E. Kordofan ; Abyssinian lowlands and 



Red Sea coast; Ujur River); Hartinq, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 456; 



Kriiper, J. f. O. 1875, p. 283 (Smyrna) ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. 



p. 281 (1876); Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 539, pi. 530 (1878); 



Fischer $ Reichen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 337 (Tschara) ; Miiller, t. c. 



p. 391 (Cyprus) ; Gigl. Ann. Agric. 1881, no. 36, p. 118 (Dalmatia) ; 



id. Ibis, 1881, p. 184 (Malta) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 601 



(1882 : Kordofan); W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 535 (R. Niger) ; 



Tristr. Faun, ty Flor. Palest, p. 131 (1884) ; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. 



Soc, Zool. xvii. p. 441 (1884: Gazelle R.) ; Salvad. Ann. Mas. 



Gen. (2) i. p. 219 (1884 : Lake Cialalaka), p. 274 (Lake Ota) ; 



Fischer, J.f. O. 1885, p. 116 (Kipini ; Barawa) ; Hartert, J.f. O. 



1886, p. 609 (Madscbisari ; Kaura ; Kaschia) ; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. 



ii. p. 332 (1886) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 376 (1886) ; Salvad. Elenco 



Ucc. Ital. p. 207 (1886 : Malta) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 47 



(Kagehi) ; Hartert, t. c. p. 264 : Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vi. 



p. 310 (1888 : Cialalaka) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 49 (Lado) ; id. 



Ibis, 1888, p. 305 (Jipi) ; Gigl. 1st Resoc. Avif. Ital p. 576 (1889) ; 



Guillem. Ibis, 1889, p. 214; Lilford, t. c. p. 338 (Cyprus) ; Oust. 



Bibl. Ecole Hautes Etudes, xxxi. Art. 10, p. 12 (1889: Somali) ; 



Heine 8f Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 335 (1890) ; Brusina, 



Motr. etc. {Orn. Croat.) p. 86 (1890) ; id. 0m. Jahrb. Heft i. p. 26 



(1890 : S. Dalmatia ; Montenegro) ; id. Proc. Soc. Hist. Nat. 



Croat. 1891, p. 22; Rendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 229 (Gambia); Scl. 



Ibis, 1893, p. 277. 

 Vanellus melasomus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 237, pi. 26 (1837). 

 Pluvianus spinosus, Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 293 (1837). 

 Pbilomachus spinosus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 65 (1840). 

 Hoplopterus persicus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 542 (1847) ; Strickl. 



P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan) ; id. Ann. $ Mag. N. H. (2) ix. 



p. 348 (1852). 

 Hoplopterus armatus (nee Jard. fy Selby), Brehm, Vogelf. p. 284 



(1855: S. Russia; Egypt). 

 Vanellus spinosus, Sclil. Mus. Pai/s-Bas, Cursores, p. 60 (1865 : 



Egypt ; Senaar ; Abyssinia ; Kordofan ; Gold Coast ; Nubia) ; 



Seebohni, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 219 (1888) ; Reichen. Vdg. 



Deutsch.-Ost-Afrika's, p. 36 (1894: Masai-land; Victoria Nyanza). 



Adult male. General colour above brown, with a slight purplish 

 gloss ; scapulars like the back, the feathers elongated and somewhat 

 pointed ; the lower back rather darker brown ; wing-coverts lighter 

 and more ashy, the outer median coverts white at the ends, and the 

 greater coverts white for tho most part, the innermost of both series 

 ashy brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the 

 secondaries with white bases and black tips, the white increasing on 

 the inner ones, the innermost secondaries brown like the back ; 

 upper tail-coverts and base of tail white ; terminal half of the tail 

 black, the outer feathers tipped with white and the black decreasing 

 in extent ; crown of head glossy purplish black, with a nucbal 

 crest ; sides of face, including the lower eyelid, white, as also the 



