19. VANELLUS. 109 



Vanellus varius, J. F. Naum. Vog. DeuUcM. vii. p. 27G (1834). 

 The Pewit or Lapwing, Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 417 (1843). 

 Vanellus vanellus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 95 (1854 : 



Europe) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. ICO (1886) ; Ridgw. 



Man. N. Amer. B. p. 172 (1887) ; Cory, B. West Ind. p. 297 



(1889); Brusina, Motr. etc. (Orn. Croatica), p. 88 (1890); 



Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 516 (E. Prussia). 

 Vanellus cristatus communis, etc., A. E. Brehm, Verz. Samml. C. L. 



Brehm, p. 11 (1866 ; teste Dresser). 



Adult male. General colour above glossy olive-green, the scapulars 

 purple at their tips ; wing-coverts glossy steel-blue, with a greenish 

 shade, more conspicuous on the median series ; bastard-wing, 

 primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries with a sub-terminal 

 patch of ashy white, the secondaries white at the base of the inner 

 web ; innermost secondaries glossy green ; lower back and rump 

 dusky brown, the latter slightly glossed with green ; upper tail- 

 coverts cinnamon-rufous ; base of tail white, terminal half black, 

 the feathers being slightly tipped with white, the black band 

 decreasing in extent towards the outer feathers, which are entirely 

 white, excepting a black patch on the inner web ; crown black, 

 with a slight greenish gloss, and ornamented with an occipital crest 

 of elongated plumes ; lores, fore part of cheeks, entire throat, and 

 fore-neck black, with a slight greenish gloss ; eyebrow, sides of 

 face, sides of neck, and hind-neck as far as the occiput dull white, 

 the eyebrow mottled with black above the eye, and below the latter 

 a narrow streak of black extending along the upper edge of the 

 ear-coverts ; hind-neck slightly washed with brown, the lower 

 sides of the neck metallic-green, extending down the sides of the 

 fore-neck ; remainder of under surface of body, from the fore-neck 

 downwards, pure white, including the under wing-coverts and 

 axillaries ; the coverts on the outside of the wing as well as the 

 lower primary-coverts black, like the quill-lining ; under tail- 

 coverts light cinnamon : " bill black ; feet clear fleshy red ; iris 

 brown " (J. F. Naurnann). Total length 13 inches, culmen 1, 

 wing 8-8, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-7. 



Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but the crest not so 

 long and the black on the throat not developed so soon. Total 

 length 11 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 8 - 5, tail 3 - S, tarsus 1*6. 



Adult in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 

 having the throat white and the head brown, with the crest shorter; 

 across the fore-neck a very broad band of black ; feathers of the 

 upper surface with fulvous edgings, which gradually wear off. 



Young. Coloured like the adults, but having all the feathers of 

 the upper surface edged with sandy buff, including the wing-coverts 

 and secondaries, the scapulars with a little purplish gloss ; the crest 

 very short ; the eyebrow and sides of face and throat washed with 

 sandy buff, with black marks before the eye, on the fore part of the 

 cheeks and upper line of tho ear-coverts. 



Hob. Europe generally, occurring in tho southern countries in 

 winter only, or on migration. Across Siberia to Japan and N. China, 

 wintering in S. China and N.W. India. 



