220 



CHAKADRIID.F.. 



Adult in breeding -plumage. General colour above light brown, 

 with a slight olive-greenish gloss, the wing-coverts like the back, 

 with obsolete indications of paler fringes to some of tbe feathers, 

 the greater series tipped with white, forming a narrow wing-bar ; 

 bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown, the primaries 

 darker brown along their outer webs and at the tips, and having 

 white shafts, the inner primaries also having a white mark 

 towards the base of the outer web ; secondaries brown, with white 

 fringes to the end of the outer web and white tips, the shafts also 

 white, with a little extension along the sides of the shaft in the 

 inner secondaries, the innermost long secondaries like the back, 

 the outer ones white along their outer web ; rump and upper tail- 

 coverts a little lighter and more ashy brown than the back, with 

 white fringes to most of the feathers, the sides of the rump also 

 white : tail-feathers ashy brown, with a broad white tip, before 

 which is a sub-terminal shade of darker brown, forming an obsolete 

 sub-terminal band ; the outer feathers with more or less white near 

 the base of the inner web, the outermost one almost entirely white, 

 except for a slight shade of smoky brown and a slightly indicated 

 sub-terminal shade of darker brown ; hinder part of crown of head 

 light brown, entirely surrounded by pale cinnamon-rufous, which 

 occupies the fore part of the crown and extends down the sides of 

 the neck round the hinder neck, where it forms a broad collar of 

 pale cinnamon-rufous ; base of forehead white, followed by a narrow 

 black bland ; lores also black, as well as the feathers in front of 

 and below the eye, which unite with a black band along the top of 

 the ear-coverts ; sides of face and under surface of body white ; 

 across the fore-neck and chest a broad band of cinnamou-rufous or 

 light chestnut, which extends a little way down the sides of the 

 upper breast ; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and quill-lining 

 white. Total length 8 - 5 inches, culmen 1, wing 5 - o, tail 2, 

 tarsus 1*45. 



Adult in ivinter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage in 

 wanting the rufous chest and in the absence of all facial markings. 

 General colour above uniform brown, the head like the back, the 

 hind-neck paler and more ashy brown ; lores, forehead, and a broad 

 eyebrow white, as well as the eyelid ; feathers below the eye brown, 

 extending in a streak along the ear-coverts ; cheeks and entire 

 under surface of body pure white, with a patch of brown on each 

 side of the upper breast : "bill black ; tarsus greenish grey or pale 

 olive ; toes dusky or blackish ; iris brown " (A. 0. Hume). 



Young. Similar to the adults in winter plumage, but dark brown, 

 with faint edges of sandy buff to the feathers of the upper surface ; 

 eyebrow and sides of face washed with sandy rufous, a strong 

 shade of which colour pervades the chest and sides of the upper 

 breast. 



Bab. Probably breeds in Japan, Formosa, and Hainan, according 

 to Mr. Seebohm. Heuglin believes that it also breeds on the Red 

 Sea coast. Winters in Africa, India, and Australia. 



