47. TOTANUS. 425 



margins of paler brown ; bastard-wing brown like the coverts ; 

 primary-coverts and quills blackish, fringed with white at the end 

 of the inner web ; the secondaries ashy brown like the greater 

 coverts and fringed with white at the ends ; the inner secondaries 

 ashy brown, irregularly spotted with black ; centrp tail-feathers 

 ashy, irregularly barred with black, the remainder of the tail- 

 feathers white, freckled on the outer web and barred on the inner 

 one with blackish ; crown of head ashy brown like the back, mottled 

 with blackish centres to the feathers ; forehead and au indistinct 

 eyebrow hoary white ; lores white ; sides of face, ear-coverts, and 

 cheeks white, spotted or streaked with ashy brown ; chin, throat, 

 and under surface of body pure white, with a few dusky streaks 

 and bars on the sides of the upper breast ; under wing-coverts and 

 axillaries pure white, the lower primary-coverts grey, edged with 

 white ; quills below ashy, with white fringes to the secondaries : 

 " bill black, olive-brown at base ; feet yellowish brown with an 

 olive tinge ; claws dark brown ; iris brown " (E. W. Oates). Total 

 length 9 - 5 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 5-2, tail 2-1, tarsus 2*1. 



Adult female in winter plumage. Similar to the male. Total 

 length 10*3 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 5*4, tail 2-5, tarsus 2*2. 



Adults in summer plumage. Lighter ashy grey than in winter, 

 with a reddish tinge, the feathers of the upper surface centred and 

 barred with black in a conspicuous manner ; the throat and breast 

 spotted and the sides of the body marked with arrow-shaped bars of 

 blackish, less distinct on the flanks. 



Young birds after the first moult resemble the winter plumage of 

 the adults, but have conspicuous white fringes to the feathers of the 

 upper surface, the under surface of the body being pure white, with 

 scarcely any dusky freckling on the sides of the breast. 



Sab. Southern Europe, extending to North-eastern Asia, 

 wintering in Africa, India, and the Malay Archipelago, the 

 Moluccas, and Australia. 



a, b. Ad. sk. [England.] Old Coll. 



c. <5 ad. sic. Fogaras, Hungary (E. Ci/znk). Hungarian National 



Museum. 



d. Ad. st. Dalmatia. Old Coll. 



e. Ad. sk. Greece. Gould Coll. 



/. Ad. st. Athens. Consul Merlin [P.]. 



g. Ad. sk. Crimea, May. Could Coll. 



h. rfad.sk. [amid, A*ia"Minor (T. Robson). Reebohm Coll. 



tAd.sk. Egvpt (G. E. S.). ShellevColl. 



/.-. Ad. sk. Alexandria, April (S. S.Allen). Seebohm Coll. 



/. cf ad. sk. Nubia. April 7 (G. E. Shelley). Tweeddale Coll. 



m. 2 ad. sk. Zoulla, Abvssinia, March *13 Tweeddale Coll. 



( W. Jem-), 



n. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Governor Rendall 



[C.l 



o. Ad. sk. Gold Coast. Gould Coll. 



p. ? ad. sk. Orange River, Jan. 24 (Dr. 11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 



Bradthaw). [P.]. 



fl.Ad.sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingtone Expedi- 



tion. 



