330 PHALACROCOEACID^. 



Family I. PHALACROCORACID^. 



Palatines broad and flat, closely approximated one to the other in 

 the middle line from the posterior nares backwards. Postorbital 

 process emarginate. Suprajugiilar well-developed (Plotus) or 

 vestigial {Phalacrocorax). Furculum not fused with carina sterni. 

 {W. P. Pycraft.) 



Key to the Snh-fajnilies. 



Bill sub-cylindrical and strongly 



hooked at the extremity ; cutting- 

 edges of mandibles entire. A large 



occipital style or nuchal bone arti- [p. 330. 



culatingwith the supra-occipital.. 1. PHALACROCORACIN^, 

 Bill elongate and pointed ; cuttiug- 



edges of mandibles serrated. 



Occipital style feebly developed 



or represented by a fibrous raphe. . 2. PLOTINM, p. 410. 



Sub-family I. PHALACROCORACIN^E. 



Temporal muscles run back beyond the skuU and are separated 

 by a well-developed bony style. 



Both carotid arteries present. 



Skin not in the least emphysematous. 



Covering of contour-feathers almost uninterrupted, being deficient 

 only on the very narrow inferior space, in the region of the axiUa, 

 on the under surface of the arm, in the neighbourhood of the wing- 

 membrane, on the inside of the tibia and on each side of the pelvis 

 behind the thighs. Aftershaft wanting. 



1. PHALACROCORAX*. 



Type. 



Phalacrocorax, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. oil (1760) P. carbo. 



Carbo, Lacepede, Mem. I'Inst. Paris, iii. p. 515 (1801) ; 



Meyer ^ Wolf, Tasche7ib. Deutsch. Vog. ii. p. 576 (1810) . P. carbo. 



* ThefoUowiug works refer to the anatomy and osteology etc. of various species 

 of Phalacrocorax : — Brandt, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (6) v. pt. ii. pp. 82, 93, 127, 

 175, pis. ii., iii. (1839) [oslcology oi P. carbo and P. 2njgmceus\ ; Hunter, Ess. Obs. 

 Nat. Hist. ii. p. 327 (1861) [anatomy and osteology, notes on P. carbo'] ; Parker, 

 P. Z. S. 1863, p. 517 [vertebraj of P. carhop ■ Huxley, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 439 figs, 

 [skull] ; Eyton, Osteol. Av. p. 218, pi. 5 L (1867) ; Nitzsch, Pteryl., Engl. ed. 

 p. 149 (1867) ; Selenka, Bronn's Thier-i-eichs, Vog. pi. viii. figs. 6, 6 (1869) ; 

 Grarrod, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 467 [both carotids present], p. 637, fig. 4 [muscles of 



