I 



1. PIIAI,\CROCOKAX. 371 



Ciirho blloplms, Ciiv., Ilartl. J. f. O. 18.1.5, p. 419. 



Ciiaciiliis bilopluis, G. R. Gmij, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 128 (1871). 



Graculii.-i dilophus, var. HoridaiiiH, C'oues, Key N. Atn. B. p. 30.3 

 (1872) ; Ridqw. Ann. Li/c. N. Y. x. p. :390 (1874) [Illmoisl; Cory, 

 B. Bahama I.s. p. 198 (1880). 



Phalacrocorax sp., Salcin, P. Z. S. 188.3, p. 427 [Guadeloupel. 



Phalacroeorax dilophus Horidaiius, Baird, Brew. ^- liid(/tv. Water-B. 

 N. Amer. ii. p. 1.50, 11^. (1884); Cones, Key N. Am. B. 2ud ed. 

 p. 727 (1884) ; Ridgw. Man. N. A. B. p. 78 (1887) ; Scott, Auk, 

 iv. p. loO (1887) [Tarpon Springs, Florida]; Lloyd, Auk, iv. 

 p. 184 (1887) [W. Texas] ; Cory, Auk, v. p. 70 (1888) [Bahamas, 

 Cuba] ; Scott, Auk, v. p. 377 (1888) ; Cory, B. W. Ind. p. 271 

 (1889) ; Scott, Auk, vii. p. 307 (1890) ; Northrop, Auk, viii. p. 79 

 (1891) [Audros I.]; Brtwst. i^- Chajmi. Atik, \u]. -p. 137(1891) 

 [Suwauee R.]; Cory, Auk, ix. p. 49 (1892) [Watling's I.] ; Scott, 

 Auk, ix. p. 211 (1892) [Caloosahatchie Region, Fla.] ; Cory, Cat. 

 B. W. Ind. p. 85 (1892) ; A. O. U. Check-l. 2nd ed. p. 42 (189-5) ; 

 Waijne, Auk, xii. p. 3t54 (1895) [Ancilla R., Fla.]. 



Adult in hreedinfj-pJumaf/e. Head, neck, lower back, rump, upper 

 tail-coverts, and entire undcrparts black with a dull oil-greenish or 

 bluish gloss ; feathers of the upper back, scapulars, and wing- 

 coverts brownish grey, of a slightly pointed oval shape, and widely 

 margined with black glossed with dull bluish ; quills brownish 

 black ; tail-feathers black ; a tuft of narrow lengthened feathers on 

 each side of the crown, commencing above and behind the eye *. 

 Tail composed of 12 feathers. Upper mandible black, mottled with 

 greyish or dull yellow along the sides ; lower mandible yellowish or 



* The colour of these feathers appears to be subject to individual variation ; 

 in some examples the crests are wholly black, while in others they are mixed 

 with white feathers. 



American ornithologists recognize four distinct subspecies of P. aurtiits 

 {dilophus) : two Eastern forms, with the nuptial crests chiefly or entirely black, 

 and two Western, in which these ornaments are chiefly or entirely white. 



The range of typical P. dilophus is said by Dr. Eidgway to be " North- 

 eastern North America, south, in winter, to Gulf Coast, breediug from Northern 

 United States northward." 



" P. dilophus Jloridanus " occurs in " South Atlantic and Gidf States, and 

 Lower Mississippi Valley, north to Southern Illinois."' 



The only disluiction between these two forms is said to be a slight difference 

 in size, so slight, that it seems in our opinion unworthy of consideration [see 

 Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 78 (1896)]. 



Of the two Western forms we find the following summary : — 



"P. dilophus cincinatus." "Hah. North-we.st coast of North America from 

 Alaska, south (in winter; to California." 



" P. dilophus alhociliatus." " Hah. Coast of California, south to Western 

 Mexico (Socorro Island)." 



Of these Western forms, in which the nuptial crests, as already stated, are 

 chiefly or entirely white, northern birds average, as might be expected, some- 

 what larger than individuals from the southern parts of the rauge, but this is 

 the only diHerence. 



It may be advisable to separate the Eastern and Western forms on account 

 of the ditl'erenee of colour in tiie nuptial crest ; but to divide tiie Northern and 

 Southern birds by a slight diHerence in size is quite unnecessary, for no line 

 can he drawn between the two. 



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