1. PHALACROCOKAX. 379 



p. 168 [British Guiana] ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, pp. 28, 123 ; 

 Sclater ^- Hudson, Arg. Orn. ii. p. 91 (1889) ; Ken; Ibis, 1.^91, 

 p. 270 [Pilcomayo], 1892, p. 144 [Parana, Paraguay] ; James, Neio 

 List CM. B. p. 8 (1892) ; Berlepsch ^- Stohyn. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 399 

 [Peru] ; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 308 [Aruba] ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, 

 p. 197 [Uruguay]; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 186 [Chili]. 



Graculus brasiliensis, G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 128 (1871). 



Phalacrocorax vigua, liidgiv. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 138 (1889). 



Phalacrocorax sp., Holland, Ibis, 1897, p. 168 [Santa Elena, 

 Argentine Rep. ; immature]. 



Adult in breedin(j^)luma(/e. Head, neck, lower back, rump, upper 

 tail-coverts, and underparts deep gloosy black ; upper back, wing- 

 coverts, and scapulars lanceolate, and of a deep ash-colour, narrowly 

 margined with black ; primaries brownish black ; secondaries more 

 or less deep ashy ; tail black. The naked skin on the throat is 

 bordered by a narrow white band which extends nearly or quite to 

 the eye ; a tuft of narrow decomposed white feathers on each side 

 of the head above the ear ; a line of small plumes of the same colour 

 forming an irregular superciliarj- stripe commencing on the lores, 

 and a few scattered white feathers and plumes on the neck. Tail 

 composed of 12 feathers. 



Adidt male. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 11-3, 

 tail 6-9-7-2, tarsus 2-1. 



Adult female. Total length about 28 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 

 10-5, tail in moult 6-2, tarsus 2. 



Adult in non-hreeding plumage. Sides and front of the head, 

 neck, and chest rather browner than in the breeding bird ; the 

 white band bordering the bare throat absent, as well as the white 

 plumes on the head and neck. 



" Iris dark blue " {E. W. White). Eill brownish horn-colour, 

 darkest along the culmen ; naked gular skin dusky yellow. The 

 adult at all seasons has the sides of both mandibles roughened, 

 but most conspicuously so during the breeding-season. 



An immature example from Costa Kica has the top of the head 

 and back of the neck dark brown, inclining to blackish on the back 

 of the neck ; back, wing-coverts, and scapulars lanceolate and mostly 

 dark ashy edged with brownish ; lower back, rump, and upper tail- 

 coverts brownish black and somewhat glossed ; feathers bordering 

 the bare throat whitish, shading into pale brown on the neck and 

 chest, and deeper brown on the breast and belly ; quills and tail- 

 feathers blackish, pointed, and margined at the extremity with 

 brownish white. 



In a quite goung example (in first year's plumage) the upper parts 

 arc like those of the above but browner ; the sides of the head, 

 throat, and fore part of neck pure white ; rest of underparts the 

 same, but many of the feathers on the chest, sides, and flanks with 

 pale brown middles. 



Adult birds from the Pacific coast of South America, especially 

 those from the more southern parts such as Chili, appear to differ 

 from typical examples of P. vigua in tlie following particulars : — 



