13. FRATERCULA. 615 



c'. $ ad. sk. Kodiak I., Aug. 3. Salvin-Godman Coll. 



d'. cj ad. 8k. Rosario Chsinnel, Vancouver I. Vo3age of H.M.S. 



{Dr. Lyall). ' Plumper.' 



e',f'. Ad. sk. Haro Channel, Vancouver J. Vova^e of H.M.S. 



{Dr. Lyall). _ 'Plumper.' 



y'. Ad. sk. Coastof California (J! ATaw^Mx). Salvin-Godman Coll. 



h'. Ad. sk. San Francisco, Dec. (JE^. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 



Nelson). 



i'~m'. cT ad. et Farallone Is., California, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 



pull. sk. {F. Gruber). 



n'. Skeleton. Kamschatka. Purchased. 

 0. Skull. 



13. FRATERCULA. 



Type. 

 Fratercula, Brisson, Om. vi. p. 81, pi. vi. fig. 2 (1760). ... F. arctica. 



Mormon, Illiger, Pi-odronms, p. 283 (1811) F. arctica. 



Larva, VieilL Analyse, p. 67 (1816) . F. arctica. 



Ceratoblepharum, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 348 



(1837) F. arctica. 



Bill very deep and much compressed, the ridge of the culmen 

 forming a blunt razor-edge ; the breadth of the upper mandible at 

 the base much less than the depth ; the terminal portion of both 

 mandibles grooved, and the basal outline of the terminal portion of 

 the upper mandible concave, or nearly straight and very oblique. 

 Inter-ramal feathering not extending to a vertical line drawn from 

 the posterior border of the nasal opening, which is distant from the 

 feathers on the lores by nearly its entire length. Tail composed of 

 16 feathers. Metatarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw ; the 

 inner daw much more strongly curved than the rest. 



During the breeding-season a deciduous shield, widest towards 

 the cutting-edge of the mandible, covers the base of the bill, and the 

 eyelids are ornamented with deciduous horny appendages ; but there 

 are no ornamental crests. 



Mange. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, Bering Sea, Arctic 

 Ocean, and North Atlantic. 



Key to the Sjyecies in breeding-plumage. 



I. Sides of the head and chin grey ; black collar on 

 the fore-neck not extending beyond the throat; 

 basal half of the mandibles dark slate ; nails of 

 the outer toes moderately curved arctica, p. 616. 



n. Sides of the head white, with a narrow grey 

 stripe behind the eye ; black collar on the tore- 

 neck continued up to the chin ; basal half of 

 the mandibles yellow ; nails of the outer toes 

 strongly curved cortiiculata, p. 620. 



