13. FRATEKCUL.V. 617 



Saunders, ed. Yan-eWs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 90 (1885) ; Booth, Rnujh 

 Notes, m. pt. xi. 1 pi. (1886); A. O. U. Check-l. p. 77 (1886); 

 aiffl. Avif. Ital. pp. 444, 561 (1886) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 295 

 (1887) ; Ridgw. Mail. N. Am. B. p. 11 (1887) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, 

 p. 399 [Portugal] ; Brusina, Soc. Hist.-Nat. Croatim, iii. p. 140 

 (1888) ; Lilford, Col. Fiq. Brit. B. pt. x. (1889) ; Bishop, Auk, 

 vi. p. 145 (1889) [Magdalen Is.] ; Chamberlain, Auk, vi. p. 21:3 

 (1889) [S. Greenland] ; Saunders, III. Man. Brit. B. p. 691 (1889) ; 

 Gi(jl. Avif. Ital. i. p. 658 (1889), ii. p. 651 (1890), iii. p. 511 

 (1891) ; Warren, B. Pennsylmnia, p. 9 (1890) ; Evans, Ibis, 1891, 

 p. 83 [incubation lasts 36 days] ; Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 207 [Canary 

 Is.] ; Irhij, Orn. Gibraltar, 2ud ed. p. 305 (1895) ; Sharps, Handb. 

 B. Gt. Brit. iv. p. 130, pi. ex. (1897). 



Mormon glacialis, Naumann, Isi.s, 1821, p. 782, pi. vii. fig. 2 ; 

 Werner, Atl. Ois. d'Eur. pi. 100(1828); Brehn, Ilandb^Vot/. 

 Deutschl. p. 998 (1831); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ed. 2, pt. iv. p. 5^9 

 (1840) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 903 (1858) ; Fritsch, Nat. Vog. 

 Europa's, p. 493 (1870). 



Mormon arcticus, Nazanann, Isis, 1821, p. 783, pi. vii. figs. 5-7 ; 

 Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 542 (1834) ; Nilss. Skand. Faun. ii. p. 516 

 (1835); And. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 105, pi. ccxiii. (1835); id. B. 

 Amer. vii. p. 238, pi. cccclxiv. (1844) ; Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 365 

 (1852); Schinz, Nat. Vdg. p. 222 (1853); Baird, B. N. Amer. 

 p. 903 (1858); Jaubert et Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 409 (1859); 

 Fitz. Atl. Nat. Vog. tig. 344 (1864); Fritsch, Nat. Vog. Europa's, 

 p. 492 (1870), pi. 57. fig. 4 (1871) ; Palmen, J.f. O. 1876, p. 65 

 [Finland]; Maynard, B. E. N. Amer. p. 498 (1881); Samuels, 

 N. ^- E. Birds, p. 666 (1883); Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. iii. p. 972, 

 pi. Iii. fig. i. (1885). 



Fratercula glaciatis, Steph. in Shako's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 40, 

 pi. iv. fig. 2 (1826) ; G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 153 (1844) ; 

 id. Gen. B. iii. p. 637 (1847) ; Degl. Orn. Europ. ii. p. 523 (1849) 

 [part]; Neiuton, Ibis, 1865, p. 521, pi. vi. [Spitsbergen]; Cones, 

 P. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 23 ; Elliot, B. N. Amer. ii. pi. ixv. (1869) ; 

 Cxillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 308 [Novaya Zemlya] ; Bureau, Bull. Soc. Z. 

 Fr. ii. p. 393, pi. v. figs. 1, 2 (1877) [shedding of ornaments of bill! ; 

 Battye, Ibis, 1897, p. 599 [Spitsbergen] ; Pearson, Ibis, 1898, 

 p. 207. 



Mormon polaris, Brehm, Isis, 1826, p. 985 [Greenland] ; id. Handb. 

 Vog. Deutschl. p. 999 (1831). 



Coulterueb, Mont. Orn. Diet. 2nd ed. p. 103 (1831). 



Mormon gravae, Brehm, Handb. Voq. Deutschl. p. 999, pi. xlvi. fig. i. 

 (1831); Olphe-Galliard, Ibis, 1875, p. 2U7 ; Vian, Bull. Soc. Z. 

 Fr. i. p. 4 (1876). 



Common ruflin, Selby, III. Brit. Orn. ii. pi. Ixxxiii. (1834\ 



I.unda arctica. Keys. u. Bla.^. Wirbelth. p. 236 (1840) ; Nau7n. Nat. 

 Vog. Deutschl. xii. p. 577, pi. .'^35 ( 1844) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, 

 vi. Urinat. p. 28 (1867) ; Brandt, Mchmg. Biol. vii. p. 241 (1869). 



Ilria troile, Wright, Ibis, 1864, pp. 42, 157' [Malta]. 



Alca glacialis, G. R. Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 96 (1871). 



Fratercula arctica, var. glacialis, Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 64 [Novaya 

 Zemlya]; id. J.f. O. 1872, p. 123. 



Fratercula arctica glacialis, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd. ed. p. 803 

 (1884); Baird, Brew. 8,- Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 527 

 (1884); A. O. U. Check-l. p.' 77 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. 

 i?. p. 11 (1887). 



